Economics and Finance

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills
Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to understand the fundamentals of the Italian public law, taking the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference; since the teaching is aimed at students of an economics course, the theme of social rights will be object of particular attention during the lessons and for the purpose of the exam.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to read and understand in its fundamental elements a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure, as well as to solve in its fundamental elements the legal issues underlying these acts.
Making judgements: The course aims to develop in students an autonomous judgment capability on the foundations of the Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: The course aims to develop in students the attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the foundations of the Italian public law.
Learning skills: The course aims to enable students to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses of the disciplinary legal field thanks to the knowledge of the foundations of the Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to provide the mathematical basis for understanding and formalizing the economic, financial and business subjects covered by the degree course as well as the quantitative tools necessary for the development of the related applications.
The course covers topics that are usually part of the Mathematics program carried out in scientific high schools or experimental institutes with quantitative guidelines but enriches their contents with demonstrations and theoretical considerations aimed at making the subject less mnemonic and less mechanical and at the same time more easily accessible to those with a different education, too.
The course assumes the knowledge of some preliminary topics of Set Theory, Algebra and Analytic Geometry and deals in particular with the following topics: resolution of systems of linear equations; study of the real function of a real variable; integral calculation; introduction to the study of real functions of several real variables.

A. Knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know the definitions, concepts and methods of calculation object of the program, but above all the logical-intuitive reasoning, the demonstrations and the geometric interpretations necessary for the understanding of their concrete meaning and for their application. In particular, they will know: the definition of a system of linear equations and the fundamental theorem for its solution; the definition of real function of a real variable and the characteristics of the different types of functions; the concepts of limit, derivative and integral and the relative theorems, properties and methods of calculation; the definition of real function of several real variables and the calculation of partial derivatives.

B. Applied knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know how to set up and solve a system of linear equations and will be able to discuss the result when a given parameter changes. They will be able to study the main "characters" of a function (such as, for example, existence, sign, behavior at extremes, continuity, derivability, monotonicity, concavity and convexity, integrability), to graphically represent the behavior and resolve some geometric problems connected. Finally, they will be able to calculate the partial derivatives of a real function of several real variables.

C. Making judgment

Students will develop the aptitude for mathematical reasoning, the ability to use formal language, the ability to argue the validity of a result through a rigorous demonstration and the ability to interpret and explain a phenomenon through a graphical representation.

D. Communication skills

The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. Students who pass the exam will then be able to solve the exercises assigned during the written test but also discuss the carrying out of the exercises. In particular, they will be able to motivate the methods of calculation used and justify and interpret the results obtained through an explicit reference to the theoretical topics covered by the program.

E. Learning skills

The students will have the necessary mathematical bases to support the other quantitative area exams included in the three-year degree course, but also the tools useful for formalizing, understanding, explaining and solving some simple problems of the teachings of other areas.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.

The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion.

Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.

Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things.

Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right property, the law of obligations and contracts.

Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.

Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

In line with the curricula of the Faculty’s course programmes, the B2 English course is aimed at developing both written and oral skills in the academic and professional subject areas relevant to the student’s own specialized, undergraduate fields of study. Course activities make extensive use of audiovisual materials and computer-mediated aids. In particular, this focus on English for specific purposes is placed in a socio-cultural context, in which intercultural variables and the significance of English as an academic and professional lingua franca are explored: students will therefore encounter a large variety of texts produced in a wide range of contexts of use.
On completion of the course, a B2 level student should possess the following competences, as stated in the Common European Framework of Reference for Foreign Languages:
B2 - Can understand conversations, extended speech and interviews in English and can follow most discussions providing the topic is relatively familiar. Can interact with a level of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction quite possible, with a degree of accuracy, independence and clarity.
Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of study. Can obtain, organize and record in writing information, ideas and opinions from specialized and semi-specialized sources.

Educational objectives

Teaching goals

The Economic Policy course aims at teaching the main reasons why the State takes actions to govern the economy as well as the objectives the State should set and the specific measures that should be taken in order to achieve such objectives. To this end, students are, first of all, introduced to the reasons why free markets may fail to lead to efficiency and to outcomes that are acceptable according to widely shared conceptions of equity. Subsequently, they will learn the properties of a rational model of economic policy and will become acquainted with the various policy measures that in each case may correct market failures. Such measures will be distinguished according to their micro or macroeconomic nature and to their applicability to a closed or an open economy. Finally, students will also learn the reasons that explain why policy intervention itself may fail distinguishing between the case of badly designed policies and opportunism on the part of either policy makers or bureaucrats.

Acquired knowledge

Students passing the Economic Policy exam know which role the State should play in modern economic systems; the goals it should pursue under every circumstance and the measure it should take in order to achieve its goals in a consistent way and in the more efficient way.

Moreover, successful students know the role that both in Italy and in the more advanced countries the State has actually played, its successes and the open problems it now faces. They also learn how globalization impacta upon national economic policies and the advantages and diffficulties of an international coordination of national policies.

This acquired knowledge is necessary both to those who wish to continue studying economics and those who wish to enter the labour market after the Laurea.

Acquired skills

Students passing the exam are able to identify the main features of a public policy which should be effective and efficient; they can understand the main ongoing debates on the role that the State should play, in particular with reference to fiscal policy; the can also understand the decisions taken both by national and international bodies and predict their likely effects on several economic variables; they can read and largely understand several reports by national and international bodies, like the Bank of Italy, the Ministry of Economy, IMF, Oecd, etc.

Finally they may read not too difficult scientific papers.

Educational objectives

This course is designed to help students to achieve a solid grasp of the theory of public finance by applying the basic tools of microeconomics. The course trains students in areas relevant to the needs of business and government's institutions and provides the necessary background for advanced graduate studies.
Topics covered include: the theories of collective decision processes (voting, Condorcet winner, Arrow's theorem, median voter theorem, social welfare functions); market failures (public goods, Samuelsonian public goods; merit goods; externalities; club goods and fiscal federalism); interest group, bureaucracy and rent seeking; fiscal constitution and public budgetary process; analysis of public expenditures; theories of taxation (progressive, regressive and proportional taxation; issues of efficiency, effectiveness and equity; optimal taxation; commodity and income taxation; tax shifting and tax incidence; Italian tax system); deficit financing and public debt (Ricardian equivalence, Lucas and Barro model, intergenerational shifting of debt burden; sustainability and Domar's model) cost-benefit analysis.

Educational objectives

Provide students with a basic knowledge of descriptive and inferential Statistics.

Students must be able to choose the right tools for basic statistical analysis and their main properties. Students must also be able to apply statistical instruments in different situations and explain correctly the achieved results.

Educational objectives

The course seeks to enhance students’ knowledge on economics with coverage of both micro and macroeconomics at an intermediate level. The study of models in order to understand how economies work will also take advantage of analytical tools and great emphasis will be placed on empirical evidence obtained on economic data. This will allow students to identify – by means of economic analysis – the determinants of the economic developments observed in real world and the links between economic variables.

KNOWLEDGE ACHIEVED:
After passing the exam, students will be able to understand the major micro and macroeconomic models and use them for analyzing in details the economic phenomena, interpreting what happens in real economic world, and participating to the economic policy debate.

SKILLS ACHIEVED:
Thanks to the course attendance, after passing the exam the student acquires knowledge on a vast arrays of issues which can be fruitfully applied in a large number of professional contexts in the economic and financial sector. Moreover, the knowledge acquired will allow them to fully understand economic reports drafted by economists in policy institutions and a large part of scientific papers in economics both theoretical and empirical. This will allow students to draft themselves studies on economic issues, also dealing with their economic policy aspects.

Educational objectives

Objective of the course is making the student able to apply the basic methods of Econometrics and to perform an econometric analysis of simple economic and financial phenomena. These phenomena may regard both the whole economic system in a Country, and particular sectors of its.

Educational objectives

The course is a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to financial system and financial intermediaries. The programme, organized into two main sections, covers the institutional and regulatory issues concerning the financial system and the financial markets and gives an insight into products and services offered by the main financial intermediaries. It prepares students to understand the main features of financial systems, providing them with essential information concerning the activity of banks, insurance companies, investment funds, pension funds and other financial intermediaries

Educational objectives

Students will be able to use theoretical and practical tools to model real phenomena. They will use the R statistical package to analyze real data.

Students will be able to build a statistical model and to make inference

Educational objectives

The course provides the basic principles of financial economics. This objective is pursued in two ways: describing the main features of the modern financial systems; downloading data from the web and elaborating them in order to provide an intuitive approach to financial economics.
After completing the course students should be able:
· to understand the functioning of modern financial systems;
· to explain the principles of financial economics;
· to apply and use basic asset pricing models.

Educational objectives

The primary learning outcome of this subject is to allow students to learn theoretical elements and basic mathematical instruments to evaluate elementary financial operations. Furthermore, students must know how to interpret the results of their application to real problems.

Specific objectives

Knowledge and understanding: After attending the course, students know and understand the problems related to the evaluation of the basic financial operations and mathematical models to be used to solve such problems.

Capacity to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, students can formalize basic financial operations, according to the correct mathematical approach and apply specific models of the subject, to solve evaluation problems.

Autonomous judgment: At the end of the course, students can collect and read data concerning basic and complex financial, borrowing-and-lending as well as investment operations, also in a context governed by fixed or varying interest rates.

Communication skills: At the end of the course, students can explain and represent problems and solutions in the financial field, through the methods acquired.

Learning skills: At the end of the course, students acquired basic financial logic that will allow them to approach further studies in the area of theories and processes of complex financial markets.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Master's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to provide, through the analysis of the main general concepts, the basic knowledge which allows student to deal with the sources of administrative law and to understand the main features of administrative institutions and their functions, with particular regard to the relationship between citizens and public bodies.
Through the discussion of case law, students will be able to apply the theoretical legal concepts to real administrative cases and understand the important role played by the courts in the shaping of administrative law.

First part:
Administrative law: history and development. The sources of administrative law. Administrative power: nature and principles. Public functions. The relationship between individuals and public administrations.

Second part:
Administrative action and administrative decisions. Elements, types, invalidity. Administrative procedure; public property; accountability and administrative justice.

Specific Objectives
The course aims at allowing students to acquire the knowledge of the main institutional aspects of the subject, with particular regard to the evolving dynamics of the relationship between the citizen and public bodies. This will allow students to deal with the main contemporary issues in administrative law and to follow the current doctrinal debate on them.
The course is also aimed at allowing students to apply the legal concepts to real concrete administrative questions, in order to develop the ability to express their view on them and to identify possible solutions.
The course, through the discussion of cases and issues of interest, will also help students to practice their legal vocabulary and argumentative capacity.
Students will acquire the knowledge and methodology which will allow them to continue the study of administrative law and its sector-specific branches.

Educational objectives

The Monetary Economics and Policy course aims at teaching the main elements of a contemporary monetary economy. First of all, students are introduced to monetary and financial relations through simplified accounting schemes. They then learn the individual choices of the main institutional sectors of the economy (households, firms, financial intermediaries and public sector) and the market mechanisms though which the behaviour of individual agents is made mutually compatible. Last, they deepen the analysis of monetary policy and study the behaviour of the central banks of the main industrialized countries. The knowledge of a contemporary monetary economy requires to understand the functioning of some important institutions (starting from the central bank and monetary and financial markets), to master analytical instruments and to comprehend the actual working of different monetary policy regimes. The acquisition of all the tools that are necessary to achieve the teaching targets is guaranteed by specific sections of the program. Particular attention is placed on the actual functioning of the markets for money, bank liquidity, securities and credit. A specific part of the course is devoted to the actual realization of monetary policy. In this way, students can learn both the basic theoretical notions, which are useful to understand the real economic world and which are necessary for those who wish to continue the study of economics, and the actual functioning of money and financial markets, of particular importance for those who are interested in finance and wish to enter the labour market after the Laurea.

Acquired knowledge

Students passing the exam know the functioning of a contemporary monetary economy. They hence know the way money and financial markets operate, as well as the behaviour of the central banks of the main industrialized countries. These students master the basic terminology and the basic accounting of a contemporary monetary economy; they understand the way households allocate savings and financial intermediaries decide on the composition of both sides of their balance sheets, the investment choices by firms and the financing of accumulation, the variables explaining the financial behaviour of the government and the concrete realization of monetary policy. Specific knowledge refers to the elements underlying the dynamics of financial asset prices, both in spot and in forward markets, and the determination of short-term and long-term interest rates. The markets for derivatives are known at an elementary level. Students know the construction and the meaning of the yield curve, the re-equilibrating mechanisms of money and financial markets, the relation between the equilibrium of the financial system and macroeconomic equilibrium. Finally, they know the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, in closed and open economies, the existing monetary policy regimes and the cumulative endogenous dynamics triggered by financial phenomena.

Acquired skills

Students passing the exam are able to understand the public debate on monetary and financial matters, as well as the main parts of National and International reports by private and public institutions (starting from the monthly bulletins and the annual reports by central banks, the Bank for International Settlements, the International Monetary Fund and the other main international institutions). They may read without difficulties scientific papers at an intermediate level. They are also able to analyse the dynamics of monetary variables, of financial asset prices and of interest rates, and to obtain from the yield curve the expected short-term forward rates. They can solve simple portfolio choice problems. Finally, they can understand the actual choices of central banks and their public announces, and to derive their effects on the (current and expected) main economic variables.

Educational objectives

The final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills
Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to understand the fundamentals of the Italian public law, taking the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference; since the teaching is aimed at students of an economics course, the theme of social rights will be object of particular attention during the lessons and for the purpose of the exam.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to read and understand in its fundamental elements a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure, as well as to solve in its fundamental elements the legal issues underlying these acts.
Making judgements: The course aims to develop in students an autonomous judgment capability on the foundations of the Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: The course aims to develop in students the attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the foundations of the Italian public law.
Learning skills: The course aims to enable students to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses of the disciplinary legal field thanks to the knowledge of the foundations of the Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to provide the mathematical basis for understanding and formalizing the economic, financial and business subjects covered by the degree course as well as the quantitative tools necessary for the development of the related applications.
The course covers topics that are usually part of the Mathematics program carried out in scientific high schools or experimental institutes with quantitative guidelines but enriches their contents with demonstrations and theoretical considerations aimed at making the subject less mnemonic and less mechanical and at the same time more easily accessible to those with a different education, too.
The course assumes the knowledge of some preliminary topics of Set Theory, Algebra and Analytic Geometry and deals in particular with the following topics: resolution of systems of linear equations; study of the real function of a real variable; integral calculation; introduction to the study of real functions of several real variables.

A. Knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know the definitions, concepts and methods of calculation object of the program, but above all the logical-intuitive reasoning, the demonstrations and the geometric interpretations necessary for the understanding of their concrete meaning and for their application. In particular, they will know: the definition of a system of linear equations and the fundamental theorem for its solution; the definition of real function of a real variable and the characteristics of the different types of functions; the concepts of limit, derivative and integral and the relative theorems, properties and methods of calculation; the definition of real function of several real variables and the calculation of partial derivatives.

B. Applied knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know how to set up and solve a system of linear equations and will be able to discuss the result when a given parameter changes. They will be able to study the main "characters" of a function (such as, for example, existence, sign, behavior at extremes, continuity, derivability, monotonicity, concavity and convexity, integrability), to graphically represent the behavior and resolve some geometric problems connected. Finally, they will be able to calculate the partial derivatives of a real function of several real variables.

C. Making judgment

Students will develop the aptitude for mathematical reasoning, the ability to use formal language, the ability to argue the validity of a result through a rigorous demonstration and the ability to interpret and explain a phenomenon through a graphical representation.

D. Communication skills

The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. Students who pass the exam will then be able to solve the exercises assigned during the written test but also discuss the carrying out of the exercises. In particular, they will be able to motivate the methods of calculation used and justify and interpret the results obtained through an explicit reference to the theoretical topics covered by the program.

E. Learning skills

The students will have the necessary mathematical bases to support the other quantitative area exams included in the three-year degree course, but also the tools useful for formalizing, understanding, explaining and solving some simple problems of the teachings of other areas.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.

The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion.

Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.

Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things.

Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right property, the law of obligations and contracts.

Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.

Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

Teaching goals

The Economic Policy course aims at teaching the main reasons why the State takes actions to govern the economy as well as the objectives the State should set and the specific measures that should be taken in order to achieve such objectives. To this end, students are, first of all, introduced to the reasons why free markets may fail to lead to efficiency and to outcomes that are acceptable according to widely shared conceptions of equity. Subsequently, they will learn the properties of a rational model of economic policy and will become acquainted with the various policy measures that in each case may correct market failures. Such measures will be distinguished according to their micro or macroeconomic nature and to their applicability to a closed or an open economy. Finally, students will also learn the reasons that explain why policy intervention itself may fail distinguishing between the case of badly designed policies and opportunism on the part of either policy makers or bureaucrats.

Acquired knowledge

Students passing the Economic Policy exam know which role the State should play in modern economic systems; the goals it should pursue under every circumstance and the measure it should take in order to achieve its goals in a consistent way and in the more efficient way.

Moreover, successful students know the role that both in Italy and in the more advanced countries the State has actually played, its successes and the open problems it now faces. They also learn how globalization impacta upon national economic policies and the advantages and diffficulties of an international coordination of national policies.

This acquired knowledge is necessary both to those who wish to continue studying economics and those who wish to enter the labour market after the Laurea.

Acquired skills

Students passing the exam are able to identify the main features of a public policy which should be effective and efficient; they can understand the main ongoing debates on the role that the State should play, in particular with reference to fiscal policy; the can also understand the decisions taken both by national and international bodies and predict their likely effects on several economic variables; they can read and largely understand several reports by national and international bodies, like the Bank of Italy, the Ministry of Economy, IMF, Oecd, etc.

Finally they may read not too difficult scientific papers.

Educational objectives

This course is designed to help students to achieve a solid grasp of the theory of public finance by applying the basic tools of microeconomics. The course trains students in areas relevant to the needs of business and government's institutions and provides the necessary background for advanced graduate studies.
Topics covered include: the theories of collective decision processes (voting, Condorcet winner, Arrow's theorem, median voter theorem, social welfare functions); market failures (public goods, Samuelsonian public goods; merit goods; externalities; club goods and fiscal federalism); interest group, bureaucracy and rent seeking; fiscal constitution and public budgetary process; analysis of public expenditures; theories of taxation (progressive, regressive and proportional taxation; issues of efficiency, effectiveness and equity; optimal taxation; commodity and income taxation; tax shifting and tax incidence; Italian tax system); deficit financing and public debt (Ricardian equivalence, Lucas and Barro model, intergenerational shifting of debt burden; sustainability and Domar's model) cost-benefit analysis.

Educational objectives

Provide students with a basic knowledge of descriptive and inferential Statistics.

Students must be able to choose the right tools for basic statistical analysis and their main properties. Students must also be able to apply statistical instruments in different situations and explain correctly the achieved results.

Educational objectives

The course means to treat the firm in the systemic perspective, with a particular reference to the government aspects and value creation, planning of the structure and risk management in its financial dynamics.

The study programme is going to foresee also a close examination about the specificity of the Italian firm and its governance.

Educational objectives

Acquired knowledge

The course highlights the main transformations of the Italian and European economy, inserted into the framework of the World economy, from the first industrial revolution to the European integration. The economic history course provides students with comprehension of the operation of the economic system and critical skills. Students acquire also the necessary tools to analize economic development in the very long term.

Acquired skills

Students at the Faculty of Economics are used with notional models and hence can be oriented to extremely simplify the real world. Whereas, by studying the development paths of the XIX and XX century European countries from a historical perspective, students will be able to recover the idea that the real world is more complex than the notional models would predict

Educational objectives

The course seeks to enhance students’ knowledge on economics with coverage of both micro and macroeconomics at an intermediate level. The study of models in order to understand how economies work will also take advantage of analytical tools and great emphasis will be placed on empirical evidence obtained on economic data. This will allow students to identify – by means of economic analysis – the determinants of the economic developments observed in real world and the links between economic variables.

KNOWLEDGE ACHIEVED:
After passing the exam, students will be able to understand the major micro and macroeconomic models and use them for analyzing in details the economic phenomena, interpreting what happens in real economic world, and participating to the economic policy debate.

SKILLS ACHIEVED:
Thanks to the course attendance, after passing the exam the student acquires knowledge on a vast arrays of issues which can be fruitfully applied in a large number of professional contexts in the economic and financial sector. Moreover, the knowledge acquired will allow them to fully understand economic reports drafted by economists in policy institutions and a large part of scientific papers in economics both theoretical and empirical. This will allow students to draft themselves studies on economic issues, also dealing with their economic policy aspects.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to introduce the students with a basic knowledge of economics to the analysis of development processes. The course intends to provides the students with the theoretical and analytical tools to explore the development and underdevelopment processes. A major aim is also the development of a historical and economic perspective to the analysis of development and underdevelopment.
Successful students will have a basic knowledge: i) on the basic theoretical tools for the analysis of development and under-development; ii) on the trajectories of change and growth of developing and emerging countries; iii) on the major issues related to economic development and social change.

Educational objectives

General goals
The course aims at examining the two alternative approaches to the theory of value and income distribution that we find in the history of economic analysis: the approach of the classical economists, based on the notion of ‘social surplus’, and the approach of the marginalist (or ‘neoclassical’) economists, which relies on demand and supply functions for factors of production. As regards the classical economists, we shall first examine the early contributions of F. Quesnay, A. Smith, D. Ricardo and K. Marx, and then the modern version of classical theory. As regards the marginalist theory of value and distribution, attention will primarily be focused on the traditional version based on the notion of ‘capital’ as a factor of production. The last part of the course, however, will briefly examine the different version put forward by L. Walras and revived by current general equilibrium theory.

Specific goals
More in detail, the course aims at allowing the students:
(A) to gain a deeper understanding of central elements of traditional microeconomic theory, especially as regards the foundations of the demand and supply functions for productive factors on which the determination the distributive variables relies;
(B) to acquire a basic knowledge of the developments of the classical theory of value and distribution;

Educational objectives

Formative targets

The students who pass the exam will be able to apply the notions studied in the course to the more and more complex economic phenomena, both real and financial, that characterize all open economies. The course is divided into three parts: the first part of the course will introduce some basic notions, such as the foreign exchange market and exchange rate regimes, the international monetary system, the interest parity conditions, the balance of payments and national accounts; the second part will explore the theory of the monetary international economics and will present issues such as the balance of payments adjustment mechanisms, the theories of exchange rate determination, the international capital flows and the problems of the international monetary system; the third part will study the theory and the empirical analysis of international trade and, in particular, the determinants of the international trade patterns (classical, neoclassical and new trade theories), trade policy, globalization and multinational enterprises.

Expected learning results

The students who pass the exam will be able to understand the causes and consequences of the international economic relations, as regards both the monetary and financial flows and the international flows of goods. Students will explore the most important issues in the actual international economy, such as the external debt sustainability, the international repercussions, the financial and exchange rate crises, the effects of the market internationalization, the economic policies in open economy, and the balance of payment adjustment mechanisms. Students will also learn how to analyze the international determinants of the observed dynamics of the macroeconomic variables, such as real and nominal exchange rate, interest rate, current account, saving and investment, and their interactions.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Master's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to provide, through the analysis of the main general concepts, the basic knowledge which allows student to deal with the sources of administrative law and to understand the main features of administrative institutions and their functions, with particular regard to the relationship between citizens and public bodies.
Through the discussion of case law, students will be able to apply the theoretical legal concepts to real administrative cases and understand the important role played by the courts in the shaping of administrative law.

First part:
Administrative law: history and development. The sources of administrative law. Administrative power: nature and principles. Public functions. The relationship between individuals and public administrations.

Second part:
Administrative action and administrative decisions. Elements, types, invalidity. Administrative procedure; public property; accountability and administrative justice.

Specific Objectives
The course aims at allowing students to acquire the knowledge of the main institutional aspects of the subject, with particular regard to the evolving dynamics of the relationship between the citizen and public bodies. This will allow students to deal with the main contemporary issues in administrative law and to follow the current doctrinal debate on them.
The course is also aimed at allowing students to apply the legal concepts to real concrete administrative questions, in order to develop the ability to express their view on them and to identify possible solutions.
The course, through the discussion of cases and issues of interest, will also help students to practice their legal vocabulary and argumentative capacity.
Students will acquire the knowledge and methodology which will allow them to continue the study of administrative law and its sector-specific branches.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Master's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

The final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course provides students with a basic knowledge of private entities, profit and no-profit, in relation to the characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources. It also aims to introduce the concepts of income and capital through the use of quantitative tools and accounting.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Foreground
Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply fundamental knowledge gained about the private entities, profit and no-profit, particularly with regard to characteristics, operation, economy, business and funding sources.

Acquired skills
Students who have passed the examination will be able to understand the variables that guide the behaviour and decisions of entities and, in particular, will acquire the skills necessary to assess the affordability and financial viability of business plans. Students who have passed the examination will also manage accounting operations in order to prepare the financial statements, to interpret the results achieved by companies and to evaluate their performance.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to understand the fundamentals of the Italian public law, taking the Republican Constitution as an essential point of reference; since the teaching is aimed at students of an economics course, the theme of social rights will be object of particular attention during the lessons and for the purpose of the exam.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the course aims to provide students with the tools that allow them to read and understand in its fundamental elements a normative text, a judicial decision or an administrative measure, as well as to solve in its fundamental elements the legal issues underlying these acts.
Making judgements: The course aims to develop in students an autonomous judgment capability on the foundations of the Italian public law, in a historical, theoretical, critical and comparative perspective.
Communication skills: The course aims to develop in students the attitude to legal reasoning and the ability to argue on the foundations of the Italian public law.
Learning skills: The course aims to enable students to continue their studies and, in particular, to face the other courses of the disciplinary legal field thanks to the knowledge of the foundations of the Italian public law.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the course is to provide the mathematical basis for understanding and formalizing the economic, financial and business subjects covered by the degree course as well as the quantitative tools necessary for the development of the related applications.
The course covers topics that are usually part of the Mathematics program carried out in scientific high schools or experimental institutes with quantitative guidelines but enriches their contents with demonstrations and theoretical considerations aimed at making the subject less mnemonic and less mechanical and at the same time more easily accessible to those with a different education, too.
The course assumes the knowledge of some preliminary topics of Set Theory, Algebra and Analytic Geometry and deals in particular with the following topics: resolution of systems of linear equations; study of the real function of a real variable; integral calculation; introduction to the study of real functions of several real variables.

A. Knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know the definitions, concepts and methods of calculation object of the program, but above all the logical-intuitive reasoning, the demonstrations and the geometric interpretations necessary for the understanding of their concrete meaning and for their application. In particular, they will know: the definition of a system of linear equations and the fundamental theorem for its solution; the definition of real function of a real variable and the characteristics of the different types of functions; the concepts of limit, derivative and integral and the relative theorems, properties and methods of calculation; the definition of real function of several real variables and the calculation of partial derivatives.

B. Applied knowledge and understanding

Students who pass the exam will know how to set up and solve a system of linear equations and will be able to discuss the result when a given parameter changes. They will be able to study the main "characters" of a function (such as, for example, existence, sign, behavior at extremes, continuity, derivability, monotonicity, concavity and convexity, integrability), to graphically represent the behavior and resolve some geometric problems connected. Finally, they will be able to calculate the partial derivatives of a real function of several real variables.

C. Making judgment

Students will develop the aptitude for mathematical reasoning, the ability to use formal language, the ability to argue the validity of a result through a rigorous demonstration and the ability to interpret and explain a phenomenon through a graphical representation.

D. Communication skills

The exam consists of a written test and an oral test. Students who pass the exam will then be able to solve the exercises assigned during the written test but also discuss the carrying out of the exercises. In particular, they will be able to motivate the methods of calculation used and justify and interpret the results obtained through an explicit reference to the theoretical topics covered by the program.

E. Learning skills

The students will have the necessary mathematical bases to support the other quantitative area exams included in the three-year degree course, but also the tools useful for formalizing, understanding, explaining and solving some simple problems of the teachings of other areas.

Educational objectives

General goals

The aim of the course is to illustrate the basic concepts of modern economic theory. In the frontal lessons, the exposition of theoretical issues is integrated with the description of the main features of contemporary economies.

The first part of the course examines the consumer choice theory and the theory of the firm in order to clarify the forces that determine prices and quantities in the markets. The analysis is based on the study of both the individual choices and interaction among economic agents under different market regimes (perfect competition, monopoly).

The second part deals with the functioning of economic systems seen as a whole. The aim is to provide the tools for the analysis and explanation of the evolution of the main macroeconomic variables (GDP, employment, consumption, investment, public budget, rates of interests).

Specific goals

More in detail, the course aims at allowing the student:

A) to develop adequate basic knowledge and understanding in the field of Economics;
B) to apply the knowledge and methods acquired to both the construction of lines of arguments and the analysis of complex problems in the field of economics;
C) to develop autonomous views concerning economic issues;
D) to properly communicate information, concepts, problems, and associated solutions in the field of Economics, even to a non-specialized audience;
E) to acquire the knowledge and the learning methods necessary to pursue the study of economic disciplines in the subsequent academic years.

Educational objectives

The course of Institutions of Private Law is designed to enable students learning fundamental concepts of private law; the complex rules that govern relations between individuals and between individuals and Public Administration where the latter acts privatorum jure, or as private individual and without the exercise of its powers which are authoritative.

The knowledge of the foundations of private law supposes several methodological choices, which will be devoted to the completion of the first part of the course to allow the acquisition of all the tools needed to interpret legal texts and understand the functioning of the legal syllogism . Which, according to the methodological path that is suggested, is divided into major premise, minor premise and conclusion.

Particular attention will be given the right of contract law and contracts, which are key institutions in the formation of both the professional and managerial functions of those who, wishing to continue their studies, wish to acquire skills to undertake the auditors, accountants and business professionals.

Central, therefore, the role of movement and legal instruments mortis causa and inter vivos that this system relies on the production and exchange of goods and services.

Foreground:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to apply the institutional knowledge to interpret a law to check what the legal consequences of a certain conduct of individuals, to distinguish the main rights over things.

Will also be able to understand the main legal instruments movement, judged on individual circumstances of each case, what tools should be considered preferable in order to meet the needs that from time to time arise, identifying, so also features the choice of a differential rather than another instrument.

Acquired skills:

Students who have passed the examination will be able to make a basic legal advice on privatization issues, people's rights, family law, succession law, the right property, the law of obligations and contracts.

Will also be able to conduct a technical institutional trading, and assesses the legal and economic implications, suggesting that the best solution.

Will finally be able to write the text of the elementary exchange or associations to prepare the text of the main package of unilateral acts and an elementary holographic will, in accordance with the rules.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to provide a basic understanding about the preparation of financial statements in light of Italian law.

At the end of the course, student should demonstrate to be able to prepare financial statements according to law. Specifically, is requested the ability to understand the basic approach to the definition of income and equity, to record transactions, to measure assets and liabilities according to Italian rules, to prepare the documents that constitute financial statements.

Educational objectives

In line with the curricula of the Faculty’s course programmes, the B2 English course is aimed at developing both written and oral skills in the academic and professional subject areas relevant to the student’s own specialized, undergraduate fields of study. Course activities make extensive use of audiovisual materials and computer-mediated aids. In particular, this focus on English for specific purposes is placed in a socio-cultural context, in which intercultural variables and the significance of English as an academic and professional lingua franca are explored: students will therefore encounter a large variety of texts produced in a wide range of contexts of use.
On completion of the course, a B2 level student should possess the following competences, as stated in the Common European Framework of Reference for Foreign Languages:
B2 - Can understand conversations, extended speech and interviews in English and can follow most discussions providing the topic is relatively familiar. Can interact with a level of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction quite possible, with a degree of accuracy, independence and clarity.
Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of study. Can obtain, organize and record in writing information, ideas and opinions from specialized and semi-specialized sources.

Educational objectives

Teaching goals

The Economic Policy course aims at teaching the main reasons why the State takes actions to govern the economy as well as the objectives the State should set and the specific measures that should be taken in order to achieve such objectives. To this end, students are, first of all, introduced to the reasons why free markets may fail to lead to efficiency and to outcomes that are acceptable according to widely shared conceptions of equity. Subsequently, they will learn the properties of a rational model of economic policy and will become acquainted with the various policy measures that in each case may correct market failures. Such measures will be distinguished according to their micro or macroeconomic nature and to their applicability to a closed or an open economy. Finally, students will also learn the reasons that explain why policy intervention itself may fail distinguishing between the case of badly designed policies and opportunism on the part of either policy makers or bureaucrats.

Acquired knowledge

Students passing the Economic Policy exam know which role the State should play in modern economic systems; the goals it should pursue under every circumstance and the measure it should take in order to achieve its goals in a consistent way and in the more efficient way.

Moreover, successful students know the role that both in Italy and in the more advanced countries the State has actually played, its successes and the open problems it now faces. They also learn how globalization impacta upon national economic policies and the advantages and diffficulties of an international coordination of national policies.

This acquired knowledge is necessary both to those who wish to continue studying economics and those who wish to enter the labour market after the Laurea.

Acquired skills

Students passing the exam are able to identify the main features of a public policy which should be effective and efficient; they can understand the main ongoing debates on the role that the State should play, in particular with reference to fiscal policy; the can also understand the decisions taken both by national and international bodies and predict their likely effects on several economic variables; they can read and largely understand several reports by national and international bodies, like the Bank of Italy, the Ministry of Economy, IMF, Oecd, etc.

Finally they may read not too difficult scientific papers.

Educational objectives

This course is designed to help students to achieve a solid grasp of the theory of public finance by applying the basic tools of microeconomics. The course trains students in areas relevant to the needs of business and government's institutions and provides the necessary background for advanced graduate studies.
Topics covered include: the theories of collective decision processes (voting, Condorcet winner, Arrow's theorem, median voter theorem, social welfare functions); market failures (public goods, Samuelsonian public goods; merit goods; externalities; club goods and fiscal federalism); interest group, bureaucracy and rent seeking; fiscal constitution and public budgetary process; analysis of public expenditures; theories of taxation (progressive, regressive and proportional taxation; issues of efficiency, effectiveness and equity; optimal taxation; commodity and income taxation; tax shifting and tax incidence; Italian tax system); deficit financing and public debt (Ricardian equivalence, Lucas and Barro model, intergenerational shifting of debt burden; sustainability and Domar's model) cost-benefit analysis.

Educational objectives

Provide students with a basic knowledge of descriptive and inferential Statistics.

Students must be able to choose the right tools for basic statistical analysis and their main properties. Students must also be able to apply statistical instruments in different situations and explain correctly the achieved results.

Educational objectives

The course seeks to enhance students’ knowledge on economics with coverage of both micro and macroeconomics at an intermediate level. The study of models in order to understand how economies work will also take advantage of analytical tools and great emphasis will be placed on empirical evidence obtained on economic data. This will allow students to identify – by means of economic analysis – the determinants of the economic developments observed in real world and the links between economic variables.

KNOWLEDGE ACHIEVED:
After passing the exam, students will be able to understand the major micro and macroeconomic models and use them for analyzing in details the economic phenomena, interpreting what happens in real economic world, and participating to the economic policy debate.

SKILLS ACHIEVED:
Thanks to the course attendance, after passing the exam the student acquires knowledge on a vast arrays of issues which can be fruitfully applied in a large number of professional contexts in the economic and financial sector. Moreover, the knowledge acquired will allow them to fully understand economic reports drafted by economists in policy institutions and a large part of scientific papers in economics both theoretical and empirical. This will allow students to draft themselves studies on economic issues, also dealing with their economic policy aspects.

Educational objectives

General goals.

The course aims to provide the basic concepts of the Economics of Innovation building on two major theoretical strands--evolutionary and neoclassical--and integrating the illustration of models with the discussion of empirical evidence concerning the determinants, diffusion and impact of technological change, at the micro and macro level. Finally, the theoretical concepts and empirical tools provided to students will be used as the basis for a discussion of the key principles of industrial and innovation policies.

The first part of the course will focus on theories studying the relationship between science, technology and innovation. In what follows, some of the fundamental microeconomic models describing nature and behavior of the innovative firm are illustrated accounting for R&D, product, process and organizational innovation. Second, the course will focus on theoretical models analyzing the relationship between technological change and market structure. Third, theories that focus on ‘appropriability’ (patents) and diffusion processes will be explained. Concerning each theoretical domain, the lectures will refer to the different strands of literature emphasizing peculiarities, similarities and differences.

The second part of the course will focus on the relationship between technological change and economic growth as well as on the effects of innovation on employment. As for the first part, the main exogenous and endogenous growth models will be illustrated highlighting the different ways in which the role of technological innovation is modeled. The relationship between innovation and growth will be discussed with reference to evolutionary models emphasizing the role of history and institutions in explaining the diffusion of innovation and its impact on economic growth. The relationship between innovation and employment will be illustrated building on evolutionary models that account for the heterogeneity of innovation processes, the role of compensatory mechanisms and that of institutions.

The course will conclude with a discussion of the key principles of industrial and innovation policies stimulating students to use the theoretical tools acquired during the course to reflect on the nature and potential effectiveness of different policies.

Specific goals.

More specifically, the course aims to provide the student with:
A) knowledge of the main theories of the innovative firm and innovation incentives;
B) knowledge of models aimed at analyzing the relationship between innovation, imitation, knowledge protection (patents) and market structure;
C) knowledge of theories illustrating the relationship between innovation and economic growth and those analyzing the effects of innovation on employment;
D) the ability to analyze and critically discuss the ongoing process of digitization of production, consumption and, more generally, economic relationships;
E) the ability to analyze and critically discuss major industrial and innovation policies, with particular reference to the national and European economic policy debate, focusing on their ability to promote innovation and maximizing social welfare.

Educational objectives

The course means to treat the firm in the systemic perspective, with a particular reference to the government aspects and value creation, planning of the structure and risk management in its financial dynamics.

The study programme is going to foresee also a close examination about the specificity of the Italian firm and its governance.

Educational objectives

The course is designed to equip students with the analytical tools necessary to understand environmental issues in the context of the current structure of capitalism and its mechanisms of functioning. After acquiring the main interpretative frameworks and policy orientations related to sustainable development, students will develop the conceptual instruments required to approach ecological issues from a critical standpoint. This will enable them to deconstruct established concepts and interpretative paradigms; to interpret environmental problems as the outcome of relationships among places and economic actors, with particular attention to power imbalances revealed through the study of ongoing environmental conflicts at both global and national scales; and to integrate the principle of social, spatial, and environmental justice into the interpretation of ecological problems, employing it as a key lens for analysing public and private choices concerning sustainability.

Educational objectives

The module aims at introducing the knowledge on the economic dimension of the problems related to the management of the environment and natural resources.

Students will increase and improve their knowledge about the scientific basis for the economic analysis of the impact of human action on the environment.
Students who passed the examination will be able to identify the economic component of the environmental problems and to know how to look for useful documents and scientific analysis

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Master's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to provide, through the analysis of the main general concepts, the basic knowledge which allows student to deal with the sources of administrative law and to understand the main features of administrative institutions and their functions, with particular regard to the relationship between citizens and public bodies.
Through the discussion of case law, students will be able to apply the theoretical legal concepts to real administrative cases and understand the important role played by the courts in the shaping of administrative law.

First part:
Administrative law: history and development. The sources of administrative law. Administrative power: nature and principles. Public functions. The relationship between individuals and public administrations.

Second part:
Administrative action and administrative decisions. Elements, types, invalidity. Administrative procedure; public property; accountability and administrative justice.

Specific Objectives
The course aims at allowing students to acquire the knowledge of the main institutional aspects of the subject, with particular regard to the evolving dynamics of the relationship between the citizen and public bodies. This will allow students to deal with the main contemporary issues in administrative law and to follow the current doctrinal debate on them.
The course is also aimed at allowing students to apply the legal concepts to real concrete administrative questions, in order to develop the ability to express their view on them and to identify possible solutions.
The course, through the discussion of cases and issues of interest, will also help students to practice their legal vocabulary and argumentative capacity.
Students will acquire the knowledge and methodology which will allow them to continue the study of administrative law and its sector-specific branches.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the basic knowledge of human-environment relationships, natural resources and their management from a technological, economic and environmental point of view, in order to allow students to understand the importance of resources protection for a sustainable development of the different production fields. At the end of the course, the students must demonstrate to have understood the relationship between natural resources and productive activities development and must be able to assess the importance and the effects of the policies implemented in the sustainable management of resources in the short and long term. The acquired skills concern the environmental system, quality and food safety, water resource management, waste management and energy resources.
Expected learning outcomes can also be declined according to the five Dublin Descriptors, according to the following scheme:
1. Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the key concepts of environment system, natural resources (water, energy, minerals and biological resources) and their management to understand the natural systems protection importance in the context of globalization processes and for a sustainable development. Knowledge of the environmental legislative framework, international and community strategies on sustainable development, policy tools and indicators for the environmental protection. Understanding of the relationship between man and environment in the various macro-contexts: social, economic, cultural. Knowledge of the key concepts of sustainability and innovation in agriculture, food safety and quality, sustainable management of water resources and waste management. Knowledge of the key concepts to understand the evolution of the global energy system in view of to a more services-oriented economy transition and a cleaner energy mix. Knowledge of the relationships between the different natural resources analyzed to understand the green evolution of the production systems towards a circular economy. Ability to use the specific language of the covered topics.
2. Applying knowledge and understanding: To be able apply the acquired knowledge in the sustainability field competently and reflexively. To undertake proper conversations in order to raise awareness and promote green attitudes. Ability to analyze the main issues of the human-environment relationships as ecological crisis, environmental risk, biodiversity conservation, waste management, etc. Ability to apply the acquired knowledge in various projects, research, studies, etc.
3. Making judgements: To able to collect and analyze data to study the ecological processes (in environmental, economic and social fields) and for actions implementation on sustainable development. Ability to critical read of documents, reports, texts and evaluation of studies results, research, projects concerning the discipline. Ability to identify the appropriate methods of study and research in relation to different contexts.
4. Communication skills: Ability to explain the main issues related to the environment and the key concepts for sustainable management of natural resources. Ability to use appropriate linguistic terms specific of the discipline. Ability to communicate, to specialists or not, strengths and weaknesses, as well as problems and solutions related to the maintenance of complex and dynamic natural balances for social and economic improvement of the life quality. Students will be invited and encouraged to speak in classroom on the covered topics and, correspondingly, to listen to other point of views in order to accurately learn how to argue on economic-environmental issues.
5. Learning skills: Ability to provide a continuous updating of knowledge through reports, technical documents and scientific publications. To be able to follow the current debates in terms of ever-changing European and national environmental policies. Understanding the importance of field observation and direct experience of the studied processes. To develop the skills to carry on further studies aimed to improve the scientific knowledge for a better understanding of the discipline.

Educational objectives

The course aims at offering students an understanding of the main challenges and pathways for sustainable development, i.e. economic development that is also socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The course allows the students to learn about the latest development program that the international community has agreed to implement by 2030. The module introduces a set of theoretical and practical issues on natural resource management, sustainability, globalization and environmental management.

Educational objectives

The final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.

Educational objectives

The course introduces a systematic view of the firm as an open economic system, analyzing its structure, functions, and decision-making processes. It forms the conceptual foundation for all business-related courses.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• describe the nature, purposes, and institutional configurations of firms and other organizational units;
• interpret management processes (investments, financing, operational management) and the related trade-offs;
• read key information documents (balance sheet, basic management reports) from an economic and business perspective and perform the main accounting entries related to management events;
• relate business decisions to product, labour, and capital market conditions.

Educational objectives

The course provides the fundamental tools to analyze the rational behavior of individual economic agents and the functioning of markets. Starting from the theory of consumer choice under conditions of certainty (preferences, budget constraints, utility maximization) and uncertainty (expected utility theory, risk aversion), the course continues with the analysis of producer behavior (production functions, costs, and profit maximization). The different forms of market structure – from perfect competition to monopoly, from oligopoly to monopolistic competition – are then explored in depth, examining their implications for efficiency, social welfare, and pricing strategies. Through the introduction of elements of game theory, the course also provides the foundations for understanding the strategic behavior of firms in situations of interdependence. Upon completion, the student will be able to interpret and predict supply and demand dynamics, understand the logic behind consumption and production decisions, and critically analyze the functioning of different markets and the role of regulation.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the main concepts of mathematical analysis used in Economics faculties for studying economic, business, and financial models. The course covers the following topics: real functions of one real variable, the concepts of limits and continuity, differential calculus, integral calculus, and the solution of linear systems. Real functions of several real variables are also examined. Students who pass the exam will acquire skills in limits and derivatives, the study of graphs of single-variable functions, the solution of indefinite and definite integrals, the solution of linear systems with 𝑚 equations and 𝑛 unknowns, parametric systems, and real functions of several real variables. Particular emphasis is given to the logical–intuitive meaning of the topics covered, with attention to geometric interpretation and related computational techniques. The acquired skills make it possible to analyze simple economic, financial, and business models. Students will be able to discuss the topics covered and justify the application of the methods used. They will develop mathematical reasoning skills, the ability to use formal language, and the capacity to argue the validity of a result based on a rigorous proof. Students will be able to continue their studies and successfully approach other quantitative subjects by relying on the knowledge acquired during the course. Learning objectives (EN)
The course provides the mathematical language and analytical tools essential for the formalization and solution of economic and financial problems. The calculus module (functions, limits, derivatives, optimization) provides the foundations for understanding marginal relationships and maximization problems in economics. The linear algebra module (matrices, vectors, linear systems, vector spaces) introduces the tools for handling multi-variable models and for input-output analysis. The emphasis is on economic applications, transforming the abstract tool into a quantitative problem-solving skill.

Educational objectives

The course focuses on the preparation and interpretation of financial statements and, in an introductory manner, consolidated financial statements, with a focus on national and international accounting standards and the information implications for stakeholders.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the structure and logic of financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, notes);
• apply the main valuation criteria for financial statement items according to current regulations;
• read and interpret financial statements for information purposes for investors, financiers, and management;
• recognize the limitations and potential of financial reporting in representing corporate performance.

Educational objectives

The course provides a solid introduction to the fundamental principles of macroeconomics, aiming to convey an understanding of how the economic system functions as a whole. By using key theoretical models and graphical analysis tools, students learn to interpret the behavior and interactions of key aggregate variables – such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and the exchange rate. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the determinants of long-run economic growth and short-run business cycle fluctuations. The course also examines the functioning and effectiveness of economic policies, both fiscal and monetary, in different macroeconomic contexts, using empirical evidence to link theoretical concepts to observed reality. Upon completion, the student will be able to critically navigate macroeconomic debates, read and interpret institutional reports, and apply the learned analytical frameworks to the analysis of real-world economic scenarios.

Educational objectives

The course provides the foundations of private law, necessary for understanding legal relationships, contracts, and liability in economic activity, laying the foundation for more advanced legal courses.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the fundamental concepts of private law (persons, legal situations, assets, obligations);
• recognize the structure and function of typical contracts in economic life;
• understand the principles of civil liability and their implications for business activity;
• read and interpret regulatory texts and simple contractual clauses.

Educational objectives

The course provides the fundamental practical and methodological skills for data analysis in an economic and business context, using the R programming language. Starting from acquiring the operational skills to use the RStudio environment, students learn to manage the entire data workflow: from importing and cleaning datasets to exploring data through descriptive statistics, and finally to creating effective visualizations. The strongly applied training path guides students in organizing data into appropriate structures (vectors, matrices, data frames), calculating summary measures (central tendency, variability, percentiles), selecting and transforming variables, and graphically representing information through histograms, boxplots, bar charts, and scatterplots. The goal is to develop an analytical mindset and the autonomy needed to tackle simple yet concrete descriptive analysis projects, laying the groundwork for learning more advanced statistical techniques.

Educational objectives

The course provides a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the reasons, tools, and limits of public intervention in the economy. Starting from the analysis of market failures in both microeconomic (monopoly, externalities, public goods, information asymmetries) and macroeconomic (business cycle instability, unemployment, inflation) contexts, the course examines the theoretical justifications and effects of economic policies. It delves into the foundations of normative theory, the Tinbergen objectives-instruments model, the role of expectations, and the Phillips curve. The course provides a detailed analysis of the workings of fiscal policy and monetary policy in both closed and open economies, using models such as Mundell-Fleming to study the interaction between exchange rates, capital flows, and the balance of payments. The picture is completed by the analysis of trade policies and a critical reflection on government failures, equipping students with the tools to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of public interventions in a complex economic context.

Educational objectives

The course provides the methodological foundations of descriptive statistics and probability calculus, essential for the quantitative analysis of uncertain economic phenomena. The first part of the course covers data organization and summarization through frequency distributions, graphical representations, and statistical indicators (location, variability, shape, concentration). The analysis of relationships between variables is explored through the study of double distributions, mean dependence, and simple linear regression. The second part introduces the fundamentals of probability calculus, including discrete and continuous random variables, main probability models (Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Normal), and limit theorems. The path is completed by the principles of statistical inference, with elements of point and interval estimation. Upon completion, the student will be able to organize and analyze economic datasets, interpret the random behavior of economic phenomena, and understand the basics of inferential reasoning, also through the use of statistical software.

Educational objectives

The course provides a systematic overview of financial markets, the instruments traded, and the participants who operate within them, with a focus on economic functions, microstructures, and regulation.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• describe the structure and functioning of the main markets (money, bond, equity, derivatives);
• understand the characteristics and functions of the main financial instruments;
• analyse the role of financial institutions and supervisory authorities;
• consider how market conditions influence the decisions of issuers, authorized intermediaries, and participants (professional and retail investors).

Educational objectives

The course introduces economic history from a development and growth perspective, guiding students through the pre-industrial era, the industrial revolutions, and up to the present day. The aim is to analyze the root causes of global economic divergence, examining when, why, and how some nations became wealthy while others remained in poverty. By studying historical theories and evidence, students will explore the role of factors such as geography, natural resources, demography, culture, institutions, technological innovation, human and physical capital, infrastructure, colonialism, inequalities, epidemics, and economic policies. Particular focus is placed on the European economy, the first region to industrialize, and its relationship with the rest of the world. The course aims to provide tools for interpreting contemporary economic phenomena in light of historical processes, using historical data as a "laboratory" for understanding fundamental economic dynamics and for assessing future growth prospects.

Educational objectives

The course provides the fundamental mathematical and quantitative tools for the analysis and valuation of financial operations under certainty. Starting from the time value of money principle, the course develops the laws of accumulation and discounting, the analysis of interest rates (nominal, effective, equivalent), and the valuation of fixed-income bonds. The main tools for financial management are covered in depth: the calculation of annuities, the analysis of amortization schedules (loans), investment appraisal criteria (NPV, IRR), and the study of the term structure of interest rates. The course also introduces the fundamental concepts of interest rate risk management through financial immunization (Duration and Convexity), and provides the basic elements of the mean-variance approach for portfolio optimization. Upon completion, the student will be able to evaluate the profitability of financial operations, compare investment and financing instruments, and understand the basic mechanisms of bond valuation and interest rate risk management.

Educational objectives

The course provides an in-depth understanding of the principles and methods of statistical inference, aimed at drawing valid conclusions about a population from sample data. The first part of the course is dedicated to point estimation, examining the properties of estimators (unbiasedness, consistency, efficiency) and the main estimation methods (maximum likelihood, method of moments, ordinary least squares). The second part covers interval estimation and the construction of confidence intervals, also introducing the Bootstrap method. The third part delves into the foundations of hypothesis testing, including the likelihood ratio test and the Neyman-Pearson lemma. A specialized module is dedicated to Causal Inference, presenting Rubin's potential outcomes model and the main methods for identifying causal relationships (randomized controlled trials, matching, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity design). Upon completion, the student will be able to select, apply, and interpret the most appropriate inferential and causal methods for the analysis of complex economic and social problems, critically evaluating their limitations and underlying assumptions.

Educational objectives

The course delves into the economics of the public sector, analyzing the theoretical justifications, implementation methods, and economic consequences of its actions. It studies in detail the theory of taxation (incidence, efficiency, equity), the structure of public spending (on goods and services, transfers) and its effects on incentives, income distribution, and social welfare. The course also addresses crucial topics such as public choice theory, fiscal federalism, and debt sustainability, providing a comprehensive view of the complex relationship between the State and the market.

Educational objectives

The course introduces the most common IT tools for economic and business analysis (basic statistical software, spreadsheets, databases), with a practical and case-oriented approach.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• use spreadsheets in advanced ways for data processing, simulations, and graphical representations;
• organize and manage economic and business datasets, ensuring consistency and quality of information;
• apply basic functions and tools for descriptive analysis and data exploration;
• integrate IT tools into key analytical tasks to support business decisions.

Educational objectives

The educational regulations 270 provide, within each Degree Program, a specific number of credits to be allocated to "student's elective activities." The number of credits provided for this course is 12. These activities consist of exams related to modules offered in the Master's Degree programs of the Faculty or other Faculties at Sapienza.

Educational objectives

The course provides the foundations of private law, necessary for understanding legal relationships, contracts, and liability in economic activity, laying the foundation for more advanced legal courses.
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the fundamental concepts of private law (persons, legal situations, assets, obligations);
• recognize the structure and function of typical contracts in economic life;
• understand the principles of civil liability and their implications for business activity;
• read and interpret regulatory texts and simple contractual clauses.

Educational objectives

The lab focuses on the analysis and management of sustainability in the corporate context, integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) dimensions, with an operational and project-oriented approach.
By the end of the course, students will be able to:
• understand the main dimensions of sustainability and their impact on business models;
• analyse corporate sustainability initiatives and practices, including through case studies and applied projects;
• use non-financial reporting indicators and standards in an introductory manner;
• propose operational solutions to improve the sustainability of corporate processes and products.

Educational objectives

The final exam consists of the presentation of an essay related to the activities conducted during the stage/Thesis-Work.
The preparation for this exam make it necessary for the student to get skills related to the presentation of her/his work,and the capability to discuss and argue with an audience fully aware of the topics presented.