Industrial pharmacy

1. General. Scales, purposes and methods of inorganic qualitative analysis. The dry way: theoretical assumptions. Nature of radiant energy. Quantization of energy. Radiation-matter interaction. Dry essays for the research of cations and anions: flame tests, pearl tests, tests in the tube. Specific recognition tests. The wet way: theoretical assumptions. Chemical characteristics of the compounds. The states of matter. Solids and liquids ionic, metallic, molecular; covalent solids; amorphous solids. Safety in laboratories: chemical risk.(14 hours of frontal lesson will be devoted to this part of the programme) 2. Thermodynamics of solutions. Solubility of solids in liquids; miscibility between liquids; solubility of gas in liquids. The equilibria in solution: A) Hydrolysis equilibria. Types of salts and corresponding types of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of anion. Degree of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of the cation. Hydrolysis at controlled pH . Simultaneous hydrolysis of cation and anion. B) Complexation equilibria. Coordination compounds (complexes). Chelates. The chemical bond in the coordination compounds: theories of the valence bond, of the crystalline field and of the molecular orbitals. Stability of the complexes; the instability constant. Masking effect of the complexes. Effect of pH on complexing equilibria: metal hydrolysis; hydrolysis of the ligand . Relationship between hydrolysis that undergoes a complex and its stability. Changes in pH due to formation of complexes. (16 hours of frontal lesson will be devoted to this part of the programme) 3. Precipitation balances. Solubility; solubility product. Common ion effect . Dynamics of the formation of precipitates; crystalline and colloidal precipitates. Physical and chemical factors that influence the formation of precipitates: temperature, ionic strength of the solution, hydrolysis, pH of the solution. Pollution of precipitates; co-precipitation and post-precipitation . Adsorption, isomorphic substitution and occlusion. Aging of precipitates. Precipitation and hydrolysis; amphoteric hydroxides. Precipitation and complexation: silver halides and ammonia; Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ and ammonia; separation Cu2+ / Cd2+. Equilibria oxido- reduction. General information on redox reactions. Influence of pH on redox reactions. Influence of the formation of precipitates (case of HgS ) and of complexes (case of the recognition of Bi3+with Sn(OH)3 on redox reactions) 4. Classical systematics: reactions for the research and recognition of cations and anions. Italian pharmacopoeia IX and X ed.: identification reactions for cations and inorganic anions (18 hours of frontal lesson will be devoted to this part of the programme) 5. Principles of General Pharmaceutical Chemistry of inorganic compounds. Definition of medication and medicine. Therapeutic Index. Absorption, distribution, metabolism (phase 1 and phase 2) and drug excretion. 2. Principles of general Toxicology. Definition of acute and chronic intoxication. Mechanisms of pharmacological and toxic action. Antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Special Part: A) Heavy Metal Poisoning: Lead, Mercury, Silver, Cadmium, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel. B) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Arsenic (arsenic trioxide in the treatment of APL ). C) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of ions of biological interest: Copper, Tin, Aluminium (neurodegenerative activity), Iron (pathological haemoglobin and haemoglobin), Manganese, Chromium, Cobalt, Calcium, Barium, Magnesium, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Halides, Nitrates, Oxalates, Sulphates, Carbonates, Acetates, Borates. (8 hours of frontal lesson will be devoted to this part of the programme) 6. Laboratory exercises: Flame test with a platinum wire: recognition of sodium (Na), lithium (Li), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), copper (Cu). Pearl test: recognition of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Essays in a test tube: reversible change of colour; Melting properties; Formation of sublimates; Decomposition with development of gaseous products. Special essays: Carbonic acid, Acetic acid, Boric acid and ammonium ion. Systematic analysis of the cations of the I group: Ag +, Pb2 + and Hg22 +. Systematic analysis of cations of group III: Al3 +, Cr3 +, Fe3 + and Mn2 +. Systematic analysis of cations of group V: Ca2 +, Sr2 + and Ba2 +. Systematic analysis of cations of group VI: Mg2 +, Na +, K + and Li + .Analysis of anions: Research of sulfuric acid, Research of nitric acid, Research of chlorides, Research of bromides and iodides, Research of oxalates. Recognition of cations and anions as described the Official Pharmacopoeia. (60 hours)

Indispensable: knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry Important: know the basic concepts of Mathematics and Physics Useful: know the concepts of Anatomy as well as Plant and Animal Biology

The teacher suggests to choose the foolowing text book for studying the course's programme: 1) Fedele Manna. Analisi dei Medicinali. Parte prima, 1996 CISU ed. Roma. 2) Fedele Manna. Analisi dei Medicinali. Guida pratica di laboratorio, 2000 CISU ed. Roma 2) Antonio Araneo. Chimica analitica qualitativa. Metodo periodale. Terza edizione, 1993 Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli. 3) Arnaldo Peloso. Analisi Chimica Qualitativa Inorganica, 1991 Cortina ed. Padova. 4) Paolo Barbetti & Maria Giovanna Quaglia. L'Analisi Qualitativa in Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica Inorganica, 1992 Galeno ed. Perugia. 5) F.U. Italiana XII ed. 6) Cristina Marzano, Claudio Medana. Chimica Tossicologica, 2017 Piccin.

Attendance to frontal teaching will not be compulsory but recommended, while that relating to practical laboratory exercises will be.

The assessment methods of the course are characterized by: a) an evaluation of the actual status of knowledge (during the course), following the didactic / training path; to achieve this the lecturer organizes monthly multiple choice or open questions related to the content already treated at lessons; the primary purpose of these tests lies in the contribution to the student's human and intellectual growth, as well as the provision of feedback to the teacher on the effectiveness and clarity of the lessons; b) a final evaluation foreseen in the various exam sessions in which the teacher will carry out a series of questions aimed at establishing whether the student has acquired mastery of the subject of teaching, the skills and competences. To questions, also of a correlative type between the various topics, the student answers both in writing and orally.

The teaching will be carried out with lectures in the classroom through the use of a computer with which slides in Power Point / PDF presentations will be projected. The teacher will also use the internet for any further information on the different contents covered, when he deems it appropriate. It will accompany a purely theoretical part a part of frontal exercises and a part of practical laboratory exercises.

First Part – Introduction (6 hours) 1. Contacts and office hours 2. Course features 3. Class hours 4. Exam procedure 5. Exam sessions. 6. Acquired competences 7. Exam requirements 8. Course organization 9. Laboratory practice 10. Books 11. Student evaluation. Second Part – Laboratory Safety (16 hours) 1. Laws 2. Risk of chemical agents 3. Risk prevention 4. Classification, labelling and packaging 5. Symbols 6. Material safety data sheet 7. Exposure limits 8. Individual protection devices 9. Safety signs 10. Chemical laboratory code of conduct 11. Accidental contact with a chemical agent 12. Learning verification and certification. Third Part – Basics (12 hours) 1. Chemical bonds and properties 2. Compound colours 3. Inorganic analysis 4. Laboratory operations 5. Solutions 6. Chemical equilibrium in solution 7. Acidity and basicity 8. Precipitation 9. Precipitation and pH influence 10. Oxidation and reduction 11. Oxidoreduction and pH influence 12. Oxidoreduction and precipitation. Fourth Part – Inorganic Analysis (18 hours) 1. Introduction to analysis 2. Introduction to cation analysis 3. First analytical group and insoluble residue 4. Second analytical group 5. Third analytical group 6. Fourth analytical group 7. Fifth analytical group 8. Sixth analytical group 9. Introduction to anion analysis 10. First analytical group 11. Second analytical group 12. Third analytical group 13. Simplified process for anion identification. Fifth Part – Compounds of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Interest (4 hours) 1. Introduction 2. Cations of pharmaceutical interest 3. Anions of pharmaceutical interest 4. Compounds of pharmaceutical and toxicological interest. Sixth Part – Italian and European Pharmacopoeia (2 hours) 1. Italian Pharmacopoeia 2. European Pharmacopoeia 3. Medicamenta. Seventh Part – Laboratory Practice (60 hours) 1. Delivery of laboratory equipment 2. Flame test 3. Tube test 4. Other tests 5. Cation analysis 6. Anion analysis 7. Identification of inorganic compounds according to Pharmacopoeia 8. Identification of unknown inorganic compound and redelivery of laboratory equipment.

Indispensable: knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry. Important: know the basic concepts of Mathematics and Physics. Useful: know the concepts of Anatomy as well as Plant and Animal Biology.

Teaching and didactic materials available at https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=461 A. Araneo. Chimica analitica qualitativa. 3rd Edition, 1993, Ambrosiana Milano, Italy. D. C. Harris. Fondamenti di chimica analitica quantitativa. 1st Edition, 2017, Zanichelli, Italy. D. C. Harris. Chimica analitica quantitativa. 3rd Edition, 2017, Zanichelli, Italy. Savelli F.; Bruno O. Analisi chimico-farmaceutica. 1st Edition, 2005, Piccin, Italy. D. S. Hage; J. D. Carr. Chimica analitica e analisi quantitativa. 1st Edition, 2012, Piccin, Italy. A. Peloso. Analisi chimica qualitativa inorganica. Vol I. 1st Edition, 1991, Libreria Cortina Padova, Italy. A. Peloso. Analisi chimica qualitativa inorganica. Vol II. 1st Edition, 1991, Libreria Cortina Padova, Italy. F. Manna. Analisi dei medicinali. Parte prima. 2nd Edition, 1996, CISU, Italy. F. Manna. Analisi dei medicinali. Guida pratica di laboratorio. 1st Edition, 2000, CISU, Italy. P. Barbetti; M. G. Quaglia. L’analisi qualitativa in chimica farmaceutica e tossicologica inorganica. 1st Edition, 1992, Margiacchi – Galeno, Italy. A. Gasco; F. Gualtieri; C. Melchiorre. Chimica farmaceutica. 1st Edition, 2015, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Italy.

Attendance of frontal lessons is optional, but strongly recommended. Attendance of laboratory practice exercises is mandatory.

The assessment methods are characterized by an oral exam session set for each month of the year, excluding the month of August, and an experimental exam test concerning the laboratory practice exercises carried out immediately after the end of the course. For each call published on Infostud, lecturer is fully available to postpone the exam. The elements taken into consideration for the assessment are: knowledge of the subject in all the parts described in the exam program, use of an appropriate scientific language, active participation during the frontal lessons and laboratory exercises, ability of reasoning during the oral exam, and the ability to study independently on the texts indicated. Sufficient knowledge of the topics covered, in the various parts of the exam program, is required to pass the exam with minimum score (18/30). To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude, the student must instead demonstrate that he/she has acquired an excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, being able to connect them in a logical and consistent manner. Student must also demonstrate that he/she has mastered the matter, moving within it with security, appropriateness and simplicity.

Farmacopea Ufficiale Italiana. XII Edizione, 2008, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Farmacopea Ufficiale Italiana. X Edizione, 1998, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. European Pharmacopoeia. 11th Edition, 2022, Council of Europe. Medicamenta. VII Edizione, 2017, Società Cooperativa Farmaceutica.

The course consists of frontal lessons and individual laboratory practice exercises. Frontal lessons are given by lecturer and are interactive. Students are continuously stimulated with questions about acquired knowledge in other and/or current courses. This allows the lecturer to make evident the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in understanding what is proposed in the present course. The continuous recalls/links to concepts already acquired are intended to strengthen the student's learning. Furthermore, correlations with concepts studied in previous courses accustom the student to study the proposed subject as a multidisciplinary study, leading to cognitive growth in all the disciplines foreseen by the course of study. In addition, frontal lessons consist of some specific seminars, given by academic and industrial experts. Students find all the useful material, such as slides and teaching notes, on the course website. It is important to note that slides are only a guide to the exam topics, but they can never replace the recommended texts and frontal lessons given by the lecturer. Laboratory practice exercises are individual and consist of a series of experimental experiences during which students can observe and learn methods and techniques of identification of inorganic substances by means of acquired knowledge in frontal lessons.