Industrial pharmacy REPLICA LATINA

General objectives The course aims to provide the student with theoretical and practical knowledge related to Molecular Biology. The aim of the course is also to provide molecular knowledge on epigenetic properties and alterations of molecular pathways. Specific objectives: Molecular Biology Course Program: The structure of nucleic acids The discovery of DNA: historical perspectives. Nucleosides and nucleotides. The primary and secondary structure of DNA. The alternative forms of the double helix A, B, Z. Properties of DNA; hyperchromic effect. The tertiary structure of DNA: DNA supercoiling. Topoisomerases. Sequencing and synthesis of oligonucleotides. The organization of the genome: from nucleotides to chromatin The genome project, sequenced genomes. Prokaryotic genome. Structure and organization of the eukaryotic genome, gene families. The bacterial genome. Plasmids. Bacteriophages. DNA viruses. Mitochondrial DNA. RNA genomes. Structure of chromatin: the nucleosome, the 10 nm fiber, the 30 nm fiber. Remodeling of chromatin. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The structure of RNA Secondary and tertiary structure of RNA. Biological functions of different types of RNA. RNA catalysis. Ribozymes. The RNA world. DNA replication Semiconservative replication. Mechanism of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells: initiation, elongation, termination; proteins and enzymes involved in replication. Telomere maintenance: the role of telomerase in DNA replication in aging and cancer. Repair mechanisms DNA recombination Mutations. General classes of DNA damage. Replication errors, repair systems. Homologous recombination; site-specific repair and DNA transposition Transcription in prokaryotes The mechanisms of transcription. The structure of bacterial promoters. The structure of bacterial RNA polymerase. Regulation of the lactose operon (lac). Transcriptional attenuation of the tryptophan operon. Transcription in eukaryotes The components of the general transcription machinery. The structure of RNA polymerase II. The mechanism of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The general framework of transcriptional regulation. Transcription factors. Motifs of DNA-binding domains. Control of transcriptional regulators; coactivators and corepressors. The assembly of the transcription complex. The enhanceosome model. RNA modification processes RNA splicing. Self-splicing introns (group I and group II). Assisted splicing (group III), spliceosome. 5’ and 3’ modifications. Alternative splicing. RNA editing. Transport of mRNA. Translation The genetic code. Structure and assembly of ribosomes. Ribosome biogenesis. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Loading of aminoacyl-tRNA. The proofreading activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The initiation of translation. Elongation. Peptide bond formation and translocation. Termination. Translation in eukaryotes. Translational and post-translational control. Regulatory RNAs: Post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs. RNA turnover in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Epigenetics: Histone modifications (methylation and acetylation). DNA methylation. CpG islands. Chromatin remodeling. Genomic imprinting. X-chromosome inactivation. Transposons and retrotransposons. Molecular Biology Techniques: The Human Genome Project. The main classes of restriction endonucleases. Recombinant DNA technology and molecular cloning. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Production of recombinant proteins in bacterial, animal and plant systems. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), production techniques. Antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi therapies. Analysis of DNA-protein interactions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Analysis of protein-protein interactions

In order to understand the contents of Molecular Biology and achieve the learning objectives, knowledge of organic chemistry and biology is essential and the knowledge of biochemistry taught in the first years of the CTF degree course is recommended.

Cox, Doudn, O’Donnell BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE Zanichelli Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole - Plevani BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann, Levine, Losick BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE DEL GENE Zanichelli

The student must attend as per the degree program.

Evaluation methods Interview at the end of the course to verify the acquired knowledge of basic molecular biology. To pass the exam, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired at least a sufficient knowledge of the structure of nucleic acids and the cellular processes that involve them (replication, transcription and translation). To obtain scores above the minimum, the student must demonstrate a greater degree of knowledge of all the topics covered in the course and be able to connect them in a logical, coherent and linguistically appropriate way.

Frontal teaching lasting two hours, where the parts of the program will be explained using technical aids such as PC, internet, video.

General objectives The course aims to provide the student with theoretical and practical knowledge related to Molecular Biology. The aim of the course is also to provide molecular knowledge on epigenetic properties and alterations of molecular pathways. Specific objectives: Molecular Biology Course Program: The structure of nucleic acids The discovery of DNA: historical perspectives. Nucleosides and nucleotides. The primary and secondary structure of DNA. The alternative forms of the double helix A, B, Z. Properties of DNA; hyperchromic effect. The tertiary structure of DNA: DNA supercoiling. Topoisomerases. Sequencing and synthesis of oligonucleotides. The organization of the genome: from nucleotides to chromatin The genome project, sequenced genomes. Prokaryotic genome. Structure and organization of the eukaryotic genome, gene families. The bacterial genome. Plasmids. Bacteriophages. DNA viruses. Mitochondrial DNA. RNA genomes. Structure of chromatin: the nucleosome, the 10 nm fiber, the 30 nm fiber. Remodeling of chromatin. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The structure of RNA Secondary and tertiary structure of RNA. Biological functions of different types of RNA. RNA catalysis. Ribozymes. The RNA world. DNA replication Semiconservative replication. Mechanism of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells: initiation, elongation, termination; proteins and enzymes involved in replication. Telomere maintenance: the role of telomerase in DNA replication in aging and cancer. Repair mechanisms DNA recombination Mutations. General classes of DNA damage. Replication errors, repair systems. Homologous recombination; site-specific repair and DNA transposition Transcription in prokaryotes The mechanisms of transcription. The structure of bacterial promoters. The structure of bacterial RNA polymerase. Regulation of the lactose operon (lac). Transcriptional attenuation of the tryptophan operon. Transcription in eukaryotes The components of the general transcription machinery. The structure of RNA polymerase II. The mechanism of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The general framework of transcriptional regulation. Transcription factors. Motifs of DNA-binding domains. Control of transcriptional regulators; coactivators and corepressors. The assembly of the transcription complex. The enhanceosome model. RNA modification processes RNA splicing. Self-splicing introns (group I and group II). Assisted splicing (group III), spliceosome. 5’ and 3’ modifications. Alternative splicing. RNA editing. Transport of mRNA. Translation The genetic code. Structure and assembly of ribosomes. Ribosome biogenesis. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Loading of aminoacyl-tRNA. The proofreading activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. The initiation of translation. Elongation. Peptide bond formation and translocation. Termination. Translation in eukaryotes. Translational and post-translational control. Regulatory RNAs: Post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs. RNA turnover in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Epigenetics: Histone modifications (methylation and acetylation). DNA methylation. CpG islands. Chromatin remodeling. Genomic imprinting. X-chromosome inactivation. Transposons and retrotransposons. Molecular Biology Techniques: The Human Genome Project. The main classes of restriction endonucleases. Recombinant DNA technology and molecular cloning. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Production of recombinant proteins in bacterial, animal and plant systems. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), production techniques. Antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi therapies. Analysis of DNA-protein interactions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Analysis of protein-protein interactions

In order to understand the contents of Molecular Biology and achieve the learning objectives, knowledge of organic chemistry and biology is essential and the knowledge of biochemistry taught in the first years of the CTF degree course is recommended.

Cox, Doudn, O’Donnell BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE Zanichelli Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole - Plevani BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann, Levine, Losick BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE DEL GENE Zanichelli

The student must attend as per the degree program.

Evaluation methods Interview at the end of the course to verify the acquired knowledge of basic molecular biology. To pass the exam, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired at least a sufficient knowledge of the structure of nucleic acids and the cellular processes that involve them (replication, transcription and translation). To obtain scores above the minimum, the student must demonstrate a greater degree of knowledge of all the topics covered in the course and be able to connect them in a logical, coherent and linguistically appropriate way.

Frontal teaching lasting two hours, where the parts of the program will be explained using technical aids such as PC, internet, video.