Medicine and Surgery

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.

Teaching Unit 1. Introduction to Physics Methods (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve operations between vectors; perform unit conversions: - Scientific notation; - Physical quantities, dimensions and units of measurement, International System of Units. Conversions between units of measurement and order of magnitude estimation. Extensive and intensive quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. - Equations with variables representing physical quantities; - Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concepts of derivative and integral. - Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, scalar product, and cross product). Teaching Unit 2. Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanics: - Kinematics of a particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Concept of trajectory and time law. Distinction between average velocity and instantaneous velocity, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with significant examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and the concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. - Dynamics of a particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of the three laws of dynamics. Physical meaning of the law of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between resultant force and acceleration (second law). Action and reaction between interacting bodies (third law). Application to the concepts of translational equilibrium. Definition of force and key examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and frictional forces (static and dynamic), tension, spring forces, and Hooke's law for ideal springs. - Work and energy: Concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relationship to the work done over a time interval. Kinetic energy theorem. Work and comparison between conservative and non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy. Examples: gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy theorem in ideal systems. - Momentum: Introduction to the concepts of momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions, distinguishing between elastic and inelastic collisions. - Systems of bodies: Definition of the center of mass and description of its motion. Characteristics of a rigid body. Torque and conditions for rotational equilibrium. Moment of inertia as a measure of resistance to rotation. Angular momentum and its conservation in the absence of external moments. Application examples: levers. Deformable bodies: introduction to the concepts of elasticity, stress and strain, generalized Hooke's law, Young's modulus, and the ultimate tensile strength of materials. Teaching Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of fluid mechanics. Relate the principles of fluid dynamics to physiological flows, resistances, and pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to fluid mechanics: - States of matter: fundamental characteristics of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in the static and dynamic behavior of fluids. - Laws of hydrostatics: Stevino’s law for pressure in liquids as a function of depth; Pascal's principle for the transmission of pressure in incompressible fluids; Archimedes' principle for the buoyancy exerted by a fluid on a submerged body. Analysis of buoyancy conditions. Instruments and methods for measuring pressure (Torricelli's experiment, manometer). - Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and flow rate, distinction between steady and turbulent flow, with particular attention to laminar flow. Continuity equation and conservation of mass in ideal fluids. Bernoulli's theorem and its interpretation in terms of conservation of mechanical energy. Torricelli's theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis and aneurysm). - Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, concept of velocity gradient. Poiseuille's law and hydraulic resistances in series and parallel. - Surface phenomena: surface tension and its effects on small quantities of liquid. Capillary phenomena and the behavior of fluid interfaces, both flat and curved. Curvature pressure and its qualitative description using Laplace's law, with reference to phenomena observable in biological contexts (e.g., in the lungs or blood capillaries). Teaching Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of mechanical waves. Correlate wave phenomena in acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to mechanical waves: - Mechanical waves: Introduction to the nature of mechanical waves as phenomena involving the propagation of energy and disturbances through a material medium. The concept of the harmonic oscillator as a basic model for wave generation. Definition of frequency, period, and wavelength. Wave propagation speed and relationship between wave parameters. Propagation equation for simple harmonic waves. Description of the wave vector. Examples of one-dimensional waves: transverse waves on a string and longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in fluids. - Principles of superposition and interference: Linear superposition of harmonic waves and the formation of constructive and destructive interference. Standing waves: Conditions for formation and physical significance. - Energy transported by waves: Concept of energy associated with a mechanical wave. Power transported by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as a measurable physical quantity, related to the energy transported per unit area and time. - Acoustic waves: Propagation of sound in different material media, with particular attention to the speed of sound in air and other materials. Relationship between acoustic intensity and sound perception. Definition of sound intensity level in decibels. Concept of hearing threshold and limits of audibility of the human ear. - Doppler effect: Qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent change in perceived frequency as a function of the relative motion between source and observer. Teaching Unit 5. Thermodynamics (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to thermodynamics: - Fundamental concepts: definition of system and environment. Thermodynamic variables (pressure, volume, temperature) and thermodynamic state. Thermodynamics state functions. Temperature and its scales. Characteristics of ideal gases, ideal gas law, universal gas constant. Real gases: concept of critical temperature and deviations from ideal behavior. Internal energy and microscopic interpretation based on the kinetic theory of gases. - Heat and heat capacity: energy exchange in the form of heat. Definition of heat capacity and specific heat, with reference to ideal gases. Phenomena of change of physical state (fusion, evaporation, condensation), latent heat. Calorimetry and experimental methods for measuring heat exchange. - Heat transfer mechanisms: thermal conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow. Thermal emission, Wien's law, and radiated power. Examples of heat transfer. - First law of thermodynamics: definition and physical significance. Internal energy, heat, and work. Application of the first law to thermodynamic processes. Reversible and irreversible processes. Canonical processes in ideal gases: isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic, with a qualitative comparison of their behaviors. - Second law of thermodynamics: fundamental statements and the concept of irreversibility. Thermodynamic cycles: definition and operation. Heat engines, efficiency, the Carnot cycle. Entropy as a function of state, macroscopic implications, and statistical interpretation. Relationship between entropy changes and the natural direction of thermodynamic processes. Teaching Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret basic elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electrical and magnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to basic elements of electricity and magnetism: - Electric charge and interactions: fundamental properties of electric charge, units of measurement, conservation of charge. Interaction between point charges and Coulomb's law. Definition of electric field and representation using lines of force. Field generated by a point charge or a distribution of multiple point charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform electric field. - Gauss's law: flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Applications to symmetric charge distributions: conducting sphere, uniformly charged plane, charged wire in electrostatic equilibrium. - Energy and electric potential: potential energy associated with a distribution of charges. Definition of electric potential and potential difference. Conservation of energy for a charge moving in an electric field. Electric dipole and dipole moment. - Conductors and dielectrics (insulators): electrostatic induction and polarization phenomena. - Electric current: direct current, current intensity, electric source, and applied potential difference. Conduction in ohmic conductors. Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity of materials. Electrical power dissipated by the Joule effect. Combination of resistors in series and in parallel. - Capacitance and capacitors: concept of electrical capacitance. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, effect of the presence of a dielectric. Energy stored in a charged capacitor. Connections of capacitors in series and in parallel. Charging and discharging of a capacitor over time. - Magnetic field: origin of the magnetic field from electric currents (Oersted experiment). Lorentz force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire. Circular motion of an electric charge in a uniform magnetic field. Torque on a current-carrying coil immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic dipole moment. - Biot-Savart law: infinitesimal contribution to the magnetic field generated by a current. Examples: straight wire, circular loop, ideal solenoid. Field distribution and orientation. - Electromagnetic induction: variation of magnetic flux and generation of electromotive force. Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law. Eddy currents and their direction. - Applications: cell membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization of cell membranes. Teaching Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (learning effort assessed in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand the effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises related to the elements of electromagnetic radiation: - Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature of electromagnetic waves as a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other; fundamental characteristics such as wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation in vacuum and in material media, amplitude and intensity of the wave. Relationship between wave intensity and the amount of energy transported. Main units of measurement. - Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation: division of the spectrum into regions (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays), in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. - Quantization of energy: concept of photon as a quantum of energy associated with radiation; relationship between photon energy and frequency. Interpretation of the photoelectric effect and implications for the quantum nature of radiation. Selective absorption of photons by biological molecules. - Radioactivity and radioactive decays: definition of an unstable nucleus, concept of radioactive isotopes. Main types of decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and associated nuclear transformations. - Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: distinction based on the energy carried by radiation versus the ionization energy of atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation (radio waves, microwaves, infrared) and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). - Optics: laws of reflection and refraction of light, concept of refractive index, phenomenon of dispersion. Properties of thin lenses: converging and diverging lenses, formation of real and virtual images. Examples: the microscope.

Knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology is required that meets the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that organize educational and teaching activities consistent with the national guidelines for high schools and with the guidelines for technical institutes and professional institutes.

Used textbook: R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lectures will be carried out in person (traditional modality). In the event that, due to the pandemic emergency, it is not possible to carry out lessons in person, the course modality will be of the blended or remote type depending on the regulatory provisions.

Attendance is compulsory until reaching more than 67% of the class hours.

According to Ministerial Decree 418, the exams for each course are held in two sessions, at least 15 days apart, on the dates established annually by a specific ministerial provision. The exams are held on the same day and time at all universities offering the filter semester. Furthermore, each exam consists of thirty-one (31) questions, structured as follows: - fifteen (15) multiple-choice questions; - sixteen (16) fill-in-the-blank questions. For each multiple-choice question, students have five answer options, only one of which is correct. For fill-in-the-blank questions, students have a blank space in which to insert the missing word. Only one word is correct.

Other recommended textbooks: D. Scannicchio, Fisica Biomedica , Edises J.R. Gordon R.V. McGrew R.A. Serway J.W. Jewett Jr, Esercizi di Fisica, Edises R. Davidson, Metodi matematici per un corso introduttivo di fisica, Edises G. Bellini, R. Cerbino, G. Manuzio, F. Marzari, L. Repetto, L. Zennaro, Fisica per Medicina con applicazioni fisiologiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche, Piccin R. Knight, B. Jones, S. Field, Fondamenti di Fisica - un approccio strategico, Piccin L. Nitti, R. Tommasi, FISICA, 2000 quiz a scelta multipla per le scienze biomediche, Zanichelli

Lectures with exercises and numerical examples. Lessons will be held both in person and online (blended mode). The explanation of the theory lessons and the carrying out of exercises follow the syllabus program and will be on a classic blackboard, interactive multimedia blackboard, tablet with projection in the classroom, or through presentations.