Medicine and Surgery

1) Acquire the fundamental knowledge for the definition and classification of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease on ischemic basis. 2) Be able to identify and treat the individual cardiovascular risk appropriately in patients in primary and secondary prevention. 3) Be able to formulate the differential diagnosis of the main alterations of lipid metabolism associated with an increased cardiovascular risk; 4) Acquire elements of clinical pharmacology for the treatment of cardiovascular risk. At the end of the course the student must have learned to formulate the clinical reasoning that leads from the individual patient to the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of the pathology that has affected the individual patient. This means that the reasoning is based on the individual patient and not on the nosography of a given disease, because the patient's pathology is unique and individual. Clinical reasoning can be developed through an inductive process or a hypothetical-deductive procedure. During the course of the lessons, various clinical cases were presented that supported the hypothetical deductive procedure as the most advantageous one for arriving at the diagnosis and subsequent therapy. In fact, the inductive method, as it does not select hypotheses and places symptoms and signs on the same level, is configured with multiple "unbiased” investigations, that make the achievement of a diagnosis much more complicated. On the contrary, the hypothetical deductive procedure asks the doctor to formulate a hypothesis on the basis of the symptom (s) he considers most relevant (symptom / s guide). This guiding symptom becomes the target of diagnostic investigations and links with the other less relevant symptoms that the patient will present, through reason, doctrine and experience. In summary, the hypothetical deductive procedure is configured through a step-by-step investigation: a) Identification of the problem; b) Finalized behavior; c) Recognition of a hierarchy of data inferable from the clinical examination; d) Continuous verification of the hypotheses formulated; e) Awareness of the possibility of errors of recognition and attribution. To further attention to the study of secondary arterial hypertension, to learn and quantify clinical signs and laboratory parameters for an early diagnosis in hypertensive patients. To define most frequent forms of secondary hypertension by using diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.