Medicine and Surgery

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM

Learning Unit 1. Introduction to Methods of Physics (workload in ECTS = 0.25) Interpret basic elements of mathematics and physics (graphs and formulas). Solve vector operations; perform unit conversions: Scientific notation Physical quantities, dimensions and units, International System of Units (SI) Unit conversions and order-of-magnitude estimates Extensive vs. intensive quantities Scalar vs. vector quantities Equations with variables representing physical quantities Elementary trigonometric functions; graphs; concept of derivative and integral Vectors: definition, components, operations (examples: sum, difference, dot product, cross product) Learning Unit 2. Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in mechanics: Kinematics of a point particle: definition of position and displacement over time. Trajectory and motion law. Distinction between average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration. Study of rectilinear and curvilinear motion, with examples: uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, free fall, parabolic motion. Qualitative description of uniform circular motion and concept of centripetal acceleration. Introduction to harmonic motion, useful for understanding simple periodic phenomena. Dynamics of a point particle: analysis of interactions between bodies and formulation of Newton’s three laws. Physical meaning of the principle of inertia and conditions for static equilibrium (first law). Relationship between net force and acceleration (second law). Action-reaction principle for interacting bodies (third law). Applications to translational equilibrium. Definition of force and main examples: weight, gravitational force, contact forces and friction (static and kinetic), tension, elastic forces and Hooke’s law for ideal springs. Work and energy: concept of mechanical work as the effect of a force applied to a body. Definition of power and its relation to work performed over time. Work-energy theorem. Work of conservative vs. non-conservative forces. Definition of potential energy (examples: gravitational and elastic potential energy). Mechanical energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies. Principle of conservation of mechanical energy in ideal systems. Linear momentum: introduction to momentum and impulse. Relationship between impulse and change in momentum. Conservation of momentum in isolated systems. Applications to one-dimensional collisions (elastic and inelastic). Systems of bodies: definition of center of mass and description of its motion, generalized Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and breaking stress of materials. Learning Unit 3. Fluid Mechanics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret basic elements of fluid mechanics. Relate fluid dynamics principles to flows, resistances, and physiological pressures in biological systems. Solve problems and numerical exercises in fluid mechanics: States of matter: fundamental properties of fluids compared to solids. Definition of pressure and density, and their role in static and dynamic fluid behavior. Hydrostatics: Stevin’s law for pressure variation with depth; Pascal’s principle for pressure transmission in incompressible fluids; Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. Conditions of flotation. Methods for pressure measurement (Torricelli’s experiment, manometer). Fluids in motion (hydrodynamics): concepts of flow and discharge, steady vs. turbulent motion, with focus on laminar flow. Continuity equation and mass conservation in ideal fluids. Bernoulli’s theorem and its interpretation as mechanical energy conservation. Torricelli’s theorem. Applications to physiological situations (stenosis, aneurysms). Real fluids and viscosity: analysis of laminar flow, parabolic velocity profile, velocity gradient. Poiseuille’s law, hydraulic resistance in series and parallel. Surface phenomena: surface tension and effects on small liquid volumes. Capillarity and behavior of fluid interfaces (flat and curved). Curvature pressure qualitatively described by Laplace’s law, with biological applications (e.g., lungs, blood capillaries). Learning Unit 4. Mechanical Waves (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret basic elements of mechanical waves. Relate wave phenomena to acoustics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in wave mechanics: Mechanical waves: introduction to waves as propagation of energy and disturbances in a medium. Harmonic oscillator as a basic model of wave generation. Frequency, period, angular frequency, wavelength. Propagation speed and relationships between wave parameters. Wave equation for simple harmonic waves. Wave vector. Examples: transverse waves on a string; longitudinal waves such as sound in fluids. Superposition and interference: linear superposition of harmonic waves and constructive/destructive interference. Standing waves: conditions of formation and physical meaning. Energy carried by waves: energy associated with mechanical waves. Power carried by a wave in an elastic medium. Wave intensity as measurable physical quantity (energy transported per unit area and time). Acoustic waves: sound propagation in different media, speed of sound in air and solids. Relationship between acoustic intensity and perception. Sound intensity level in decibels. Hearing threshold and limits of human auditory system. Doppler effect: qualitative description and interpretation of the apparent frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer. Learning Unit 5. Thermodynamics (workload in ECTS = 1) Describe and interpret elements of thermodynamics. Solve problems and numerical exercises in thermodynamics: Fundamental concepts: definition of system and surroundings. Thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) and state functions. Temperature and scales. Ideal gas law, gas constant, deviations in real gases (critical temperature). Internal energy and microscopic interpretation (kinetic theory). Heat and heat capacity: energy exchanges as heat. Heat capacity and specific heat. Phase transitions and latent heat. Calorimetry. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat flux. Blackbody radiation, Wien’s law, Stefan–Boltzmann law. First law of thermodynamics: statement and meaning. Internal energy, heat, work. Application to thermodynamic processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic). Reversible vs. irreversible processes. Second law of thermodynamics: statements and irreversibility. Heat engines, efficiency, Carnot cycle. Entropy as a state function; macroscopic and statistical interpretations. Natural direction of processes. Learning Unit 6. Electricity and Magnetism (workload in ECTS = 1.25) Describe and interpret elements of electricity and magnetism. Understand electromagnetic phenomena. Solve problems and numerical exercises in electricity and magnetism: Electric charge and interactions: basic properties, conservation, Coulomb’s law. Electric field and field lines. Field of a point charge or system of charges. Motion of a charge in a uniform field. Gauss’s law: electric flux and applications to symmetric charge distributions (sphere, plane, line). Electric potential and energy: potential energy of charge distributions, electric potential, dipoles. Conductors and dielectrics: electrostatic induction, polarization phenomena. Electric current: definition, Ohm’s law, resistance and resistivity, Joule effect, series/parallel circuits. Capacitance and capacitors: definition, energy storage, dielectrics, RC circuits. Magnetic field: Oersted’s experiment, Lorentz force, motion of charges, magnetic dipole moment. Biot–Savart law: examples (wire, loop, solenoid). Electromagnetic induction: Faraday–Lenz law, induced currents. Applications: membrane potentials, depolarization and repolarization in cellular membranes. Learning Unit 7. Electromagnetic Radiation (workload in ECTS = 0.5) Describe and interpret elements of electromagnetic radiation. Understand effects of radiation. Solve problems and numerical exercises: Electromagnetic radiation: wave nature as oscillating electric and magnetic fields. Characteristics: wavelength, frequency, propagation speed, amplitude, intensity. Energy transport and units. Electromagnetic spectrum: regions from radio to gamma rays. Quantization of energy: photons, relation between frequency and energy. Photoelectric effect. Photon absorption in biological molecules. Radioactivity: unstable nuclei, isotopes, types of decay (α, β, γ). Ionizing vs. non-ionizing radiation: examples of each. Optics: reflection, refraction, refractive index, dispersion. Thin lenses, converging/diverging lenses, image formation. Example: microscope.

Basic knowledge of mathematics (calculus and algebra). Fundamentals of general physics (mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics).

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Obbligo di frequenza con app CINECA

Test of minister

R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett Jr - Fondamenti di fisica – Edises D. C. Giancoli - Fisica con fisica moderna - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana - Zanichelli J. S. Walker – Fondamenti di Fisica – Pearson A. Alessandrini - Fisica per le scienze della vita - Casa Ed. Ambrosiana – Zanichelli D. Scannicchio - Fisica Generale e Biomedica – Edises

Didattica in presenza ed in remporo via ZOOM