Medicine and Surgery

• Renal system (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): The kidneys and body fluids. Water compartments; water and mineral balance. - Urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular transport of electrolytes, tubular reabsorption of water and regulation of osmolarity - Micturition - Renal mechanisms of control of blood volume and extracellular fluid. Regulation of the extracellular concentration of the main electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate). - Acid-base balance: Buffer systems for extracellular pH regulation: protein, bicarbonate, phosphate. Renal regulation of acid-base balance. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. Disorders of acid-base balance. • Hunger-satiety regulation, determinants of food choices, energy and nutrient requirements in physiological conditions and at different ages of life, principles and guidelines for a healthy and sustainable diet. Nutrition and Digestive system (Prof. Lorenzo Maria Donini): Gastrointestinal physiology: motility, nervous control and blood circulation in the digestive system, enteric nervous system.- Progression and stirring of food in the digestive tract. Secretions of the digestive system: salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatic, intestinal. - Digestion of foods. - Absorption of nutrients, water, and ions in the small intestine. Absorption in the large intestine. Energy metabolism, basal metabolism and utilization of carbohydrates and lipids in the production of ATP. • Endocrine system (Prof. Davide Ragozzino): Endocrinology: nature and mechanisms of action of hormones. - Hormone assays. - Pituitary hormones and mechanisms of hypothalamic control. - Thyroid hormones - Corticosurrenal hormones. - Pancreatic hormones: insulin and diabetes. - Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: calcium and phosphate metabolism. Male and female sex hormones. Reproduction and pregnancy. • Sensory and motor systems (Prof. Claudio Babiloni): Recalls of cellular physiology of the nervous system, functions of glia and neurons. The sensory system; receptors of general sensibility, general sensibility (Affective pathways: exteroceptive, proprioceptive and visceral sensibility), medullary syndromes, vestibular sensibility, cortical sensory areas and general sensibility, pain Sight: ocular globe and dioptric means; biophysics of cones and rods; musculature intrinsic and extrinsic to the eye and their control; reflexes of photo-accomodation and nystagmus. Hearing: apparatus of transmission of sound stimuli to the cochlea; biophysics of the Corti organ; compensation mechanisms of the middle ear with respect to variations in environmental pressure. The chemical senses: taste and smell The control of voluntary movement: Organization of motor systems, Reflexes and control of movement, Motor unit, Neuromuscular spindles, Golgi tendon organs, The stretch reflex, Spinal mechanisms of motor coordination, Rhythmic locomotor activities, Posture control, Decerebration and decortication stiffness, Central control of movement, Cortical motor areas and movement control, Functional characteristics of cortical motor neurons, Movement preparation potentials recorded at the cortical level, Secondary motor areas (neuroimaging techniques in neurophysiological research), The oculomotor system. The cerebellum, The basal nuclei.

Have passed the exam of Fisiologia I

Guyton e Hall. Fisiologia medica (edizioni Edra – Masson more recent than the 2006 edition) Grassi, Negrini e Porro. Fisiologia umana (Poletto Editore, 2015) Cindy Stanfield, Fisiologia (Edises, 2017) Bruce Koeppen and Bruce Stanton. Berne & Lewy Fisiologia (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019) Mariani Costantini A, Cannella C, Tomassi G: Alimentazione e nutrizione umana. (Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 2016) Other resources Slides with the lessons and exercises for the preparation of the exam (electronic archive indicated by the lecturer).

The teaching of Physiology II consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required for a master's degree student, now almost at the end of his training. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.

Classes in presence

The evaluation methods of the Teaching are characterized by exam sessions set in the scheduled sessions (2 for each session, plus some extraordinary appeals). The exam consists of a written task with both multiple-choice and open-ended questions on the topics of the Teaching, followed by a clarification on the evaluation criteria at the request of the student or student. The exam aims to certify the student's knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of functioning and homeostatic control of the human body, with references to the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of drugs. The topics presented must be treated with proper language. The elements examined for evaluation purposes are listed below: (1) the knowledge of the subject in all the areas included in the teaching program; (2) the use of a proper language; (3) the ability to reasoning; (4) the logical articulation of the wording; and (5) the integration of skills demonstrated in the response to exam questions. The written nature of the task will allow correcting the individual evaluation of the student’s elaborate according to "item analysis" techniques. This procedure will allow not to penalize areas of the answer that will be insufficient in most of the students involved a certain exam appeal. Furthermore, the evaluation of the single student will be conducted comparatively, to guarantee equanimity and recognize the individual merits in the allocation of grades. To pass the exam with the smallest grade (18/30), a knowledge of the homeostatic objectives and the basic physiological-regulatory mechanisms of the organs and apparatus being evaluated is required. To achieve a score of 24/30, 27/30 and 30/30 cum laude, the student must prove that he/she has got, respectively, a good, particularly good, and excellent integrated knowledge of the various systems of physiological regulation with negative feedback and / or feed-forward of the nervous and endocrine systems and the organ / apparatus subject to the examination evaluation. In the evaluation process, we will also consider (1) the ability of the student to manage the time agreed to supply the answers in a concise but exhaustive manner and (2) link the key concepts in a logical and coherent way from the behavioral and cellular level to the molecular one.

Bibliographic references quoted in the textbooks and slides of the lessons made available to the students

The teaching of Physiology II consists of lectures with the students, with eventually some specific seminars. The lessons are all interactive, so the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, by virtue of the courses already followed, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to highlight the links between the current course and some previous courses, whose notions play a key role in the understanding of what is presented in the class. The continuous remanding to concepts of other courses must get the student to study the proposed subject not only with the aim of passing the final exam, but wants to highlight a multidisciplinary study, to which the student has to be educated and that is absolutely required for a master's degree student, now almost at the end of his training. The student will find on the e-learning platform teaching material (exam program, recommended texts, links) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that all material is a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts.

Endocrinology and Reproduction - Endocrinology: nature and maccanisms of action of hormones. - Hormone assays. - Pituitary hormones and mechanisms of hypothalamic control. - Thyroid hormones. - Corticosurrenal hormones. - Pancreatic hormones: insulin and diabetes. - Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: calcium and phosphate metabolism. - Male and female sex hormones. Reproduction and pregnancy. General neurophysiology. - Recalls of cellular physiology of the nervous system. - Functions of glia and neurons.

Guyton e Hall. Fisiologia medica (edizioni Edra – Masson più aggiornate dell’anno 2006) Grassi, Negrini e Porro. Fisiologia umana (Poletto Editore, 2015) Cindy Stanfield, Fisiologia (Edises, 2017) Bruce Koeppen and Bruce Stanton. Berne & Lewy Fisiologia (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019) Mariani Costantini A, Cannella C, Tomassi G: Alimentazione e nutrizione umana. (Pensiero Scientifico Editore, 2016) Altri supporti didattici Diapositive con le lezioni e prove di autovalutazione per la preparazione alla prova scritta (archivio elettronico indicato dai docenti).