Medicine and Surgery

Introduction: Histological techniques: overview of methods in cytology and histology; tissue preparation for microscopic examination; optical instruments for studying cells and tissues. Cytology: Structural organization and function of the eukaryotic cell. Cytoplasm:. Plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic organelles. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Inclusions. Nucleus: Nuclear envelope. Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell division and death. Histology: Histogenesis of the tissues and cell differentiation: molecular mechanisms of regulation. Tissue progenitors and precursors. Adult and embryonal stem cells. Principles and potential applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. - Lining epithelia: Classification criteria. Structural specializations, functions, histogenesis. of cells surface and cell polarity. - Glands. General organization and histogenesis. Stroma and parenchyma. Secretory cells characteristics. Cell polarity. Exocrine and endocrine glands: structure and classification criteria. -Connective tissues: General structure and functions of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells; Embryonic connective tissue. Connective tissue proper (loose and dense). Adipose tissue. Specialized connective tissues. -Blood: plasma, morphology and function of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets).Coagulation process. General information on the mechanisms of immune response. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues. Hemopoiesis. - Cartilage. Histogenesis, general structure, function and morpho-functional relationships among different types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), Mechanisms of nutrition and growth of the cartilage. Perichondrium. -Bone. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis. General structure, function and distribution of compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone. The periosteum and endosteum. Osteogenesis. Bone remodeling. Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Ultrastructural characteristics of the muscle cells. Mechanisms controlling muscle cell contraction. - Nervous tissue: Morphology and structure of neurons, nerve fibers. Synapses. Transmission of the impulse. Myelin sheats formation. Gray matter and white matter. Peripheral nerves. Ganglions. - Neuroglial cells: distribution, embryonal origin, caracteristics and functions. - Structural organization of male and female gonads. The germinal epithelium of the male and female gonads. Seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Ovarian folliculogenesis and ovogenesis. Embryology: Introduction. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Early stages of the embryo development. Segmentation. Morula. Blastocyst and implantation. The embryonic disk. Timing and 3D development of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Ectoderm development. Endoderm development. Mesoderm development. Placenta. Embryo annexes. Morphogenetic mechanisms. Interactions between primitive layers and organogenesis with some examples: nervous central system, circulatory and blood, digestive, respiratory, urogenital. Neural crest derivates. Experimental Embryology: In vitro fertilization. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair.

In order to understand the contents of the course and to achieve the educational objectives, the student must possess the knowledge of the following Biology topics: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, biological membranes, main cellular organelles; Structure and function of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids; Chromatin and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis.

ISTOLOGIA di MONESI (PICCIN) ISTOLOGIA – Testo Atlante di M. H. Ross, W. Pawlina (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana) Atlante a Colori e Testo di ISTOLOGIA di L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt (Piccin) De Felici M et al.: EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (Piccin) Bertini G et al: EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (Idelson-Gnocchi) Moore-Persaud: LO SVILUPPO PRENATALE DELL’UOMO (Edra). T.W. Sadler: EMBRIOLOGIA MEDICA di Langmann (Elsevier)

Classroom lectures with slides and audio-visual material, seminars on specific topics of histology and embryology. Interactive teaching activity: : Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples Interactive Teaching Activity (Exercises): Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples by optical microscopy Elective Teaching Activity: Multidisciplinary monographic course on clinical applications of topics related to the course.

Following the Regulations of the CdS, the student is required to attend educational activities, formal, non-formal, vocational. The attendance is checked by the teachers through signature, based on updated lists provided by the Academic Office, as established by CCL.

The student's learning will be verified through an exam that consists of a written test and an oral test. The written test consists in 50 multiple choice questions. The duration of the written test is 50 minutes. A score equal to 1 is assigned to each correct answer. Those who correctly answer to at least 30 questions can access the oral test, which consists in the description and recognition of a histological preparation and in a verification of the outcome of the written test on topics of Histology and Embryology. For students with specific learning disabilities (DSA), the modality and duration of the written and oral tests will be individually agreed.

Classroom lectures with slides and audio-visual material, seminars on specific topics of histology and embryology. Interactive teaching activity: : Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples Interactive Teaching Activity (Exercises): Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples by optical microscopy Elective Teaching Activity: Multidisciplinary monographic course on clinical applications of topics related to the course.

Introduction: Histological techniques: overview of methods in cytology and histology; tissue preparation for microscopic examination; optical instruments for studying cells and tissues. Cytology: Structural organization and function of the eukaryotic cell. Cytoplasm:. Plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic organelles. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Inclusions. Nucleus: Nuclear envelope. Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell division and death. Histology: Histogenesis of the tissues and cell differentiation: molecular mechanisms of regulation. Tissue progenitors and precursors. Adult and embryonal stem cells. Principles and potential applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. - Lining epithelia: Classification criteria. Structural specializations, functions, histogenesis. of cells surface and cell polarity. - Glands. General organization and histogenesis. Stroma and parenchyma. Secretory cells characteristics. Cell polarity. Exocrine and endocrine glands: structure and classification criteria. -Connective tissues: General structure and functions of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells; Embryonic connective tissue. Connective tissue proper (loose and dense). Adipose tissue. Specialized connective tissues. -Blood: plasma, morphology and function of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets).Coagulation process. General information on the mechanisms of immune response. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues. Hemopoiesis. - Cartilage. Histogenesis, general structure, function and morpho-functional relationships among different types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), Mechanisms of nutrition and growth of the cartilage. Perichondrium. -Bone. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis. General structure, function and distribution of compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone. The periosteum and endosteum. Osteogenesis. Bone remodeling. Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Ultrastructural characteristics of the muscle cells. Mechanisms controlling muscle cell contraction. - Nervous tissue: Morphology and structure of neurons, nerve fibers. Synapses. Transmission of the impulse. Myelin sheats formation. Gray matter and white matter. Peripheral nerves. Ganglions. - Neuroglial cells: distribution, embryonal origin, caracteristics and functions. - Structural organization of male and female gonads. The germinal epithelium of the male and female gonads. Seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Ovarian folliculogenesis and ovogenesis. Embryology: Introduction. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Early stages of the embryo development. Segmentation. Morula. Blastocyst and implantation. The embryonic disk. Timing and 3D development of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Ectoderm development. Endoderm development. Mesoderm development. Placenta. Embryo annexes. Morphogenetic mechanisms. Interactions between primitive layers and organogenesis with some examples: nervous central system, circulatory and blood, digestive, respiratory, urogenital. Neural crest derivates. Experimental Embryology: In vitro fertilization. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Interactive Didactic Activity: Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples

Knowledge of Cellular and Molecular Biology

Istologia: ISTOLOGIA di MONESI di S. Adamo (PICCIN) ISTOLOGIA - Dalle basi molecolari alle correlazioni cliniche di A.L. Kierszenbaum (Edra) ISTOLOGIA - Testo Atlante di M. H. Ross, W. Pawlina (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana) ISTOLOGIA Junquiera - Testo e Atlante di A.L. Mescher (PICCIN) Atlante a Colori e Testo di ISTOLOGIA di L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt (PICCIN) Istologia ed Anatomia Microscopica – Wheater (Edra) Embriologia ad Orientamento Medico: Embriologia Umana - Larsen - IV Ediz. (Edra) De Felici M et al.: EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (PICCIN) Moore-Persaud: LO SVILUPPO PRENATALE DELL’UOMO (Edra). T.W. Sadler: EMBRIOLOGIA MEDICA di Langmann (Edra)

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory

Written test: 50 multiple choice questions. Correct answer to at least 30 questions to access the oral exam Oral exam: Questions to verify the results of the written test on topics of histology and embriology To pass the exam the student must obtain a grade of not less than 18/30 in each module. The student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered during the course. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, arguing a linear reasoning with the use of technical terms and using correct linguistic expressions.

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory