Aeronautical engineering

Educational objectives

This course aims at providing the fundamentals concerning the numerical
solution of the partial differential equations arising in aerodynamics.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of the aeroelasticity of aircraft in the linear field (vibrations of linear-elastic solids interacting with linearized potential flows) based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation in the different operating flight conditions. Moreover, the skills are acquired to carry out the aeroelastic analyzes (stability and response checks in compliance with current regulations) of fixed-wing aircraft (divergence, flutter, gust response, response to command surfaces, effectiveness and inversion of commands) both through elementary numerical models implemented through autonomously developed computational codes, that complex interactional models of flexible aircraft and external flow through the critical use of commercial codes. Knowledge and development skills of analysis of complex fluid / structure systems and intersectoral knowledge between the mechanics of solids and fluids are acquired.

Educational objectives

The main aerodynamics principles and theories are analyzed for complete aircraft and helicopter.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
Knowledge of the main types of aeronautical combustors, the chemical-physical properties of fuels, pollutant emissions, theories and mathematical and numerical models used to predict performance and environmental impact, as well as innovative and low-impact architectures and fuels environmental.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Ability to perform a rough sizing of the aeronautical combustor and to predict its performance, using calculation tools produced by the students themselves during the group work.

The training objectives are pursued using classroom exercises and reviews of work in progress. The assessment of the acquired skills occurs at the same time as that of the knowledge during the reviews and in the course.

Autonomy of judgment (making judgments)
Skills are acquired through lectures, exercises in the classroom and for carrying out group work. Verification of knowledge takes place through individual tests and through written group reports which at the same time ensure and promote the acquisition of the ability to communicate effectively in written and / or oral form.

Communication skills
Ability to work in a group, to present the results of group work with presentations and short technical reports.

Ability to learn (learning skills).
Knowledge characterizing the systems engineer of aeronautical propulsion, with particular attention to issues related to the design and numerical modeling techniques of a combustion chamber and emission control.

Educational objectives

Theoretical knowledge and practice of methods and instruments employed in experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics.EXPECTED RESULTS: Those indicated in objectives

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the working principles and application of the main
transducers used in the aerospace field. Application of the main
methodologies for static and dynamic experimental investigation of
aerospace structures aimed to support the civil aviation authority in
structural verification and flight qualification.

Educational objectives

The course covers fundamental aerodynamics concepts on the rotor, rigid blade dynamics for an articulated rotor and helicopter control and performance in various flight conditions.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding;
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Describe, having understood the main phenomenological aspects, the basic elements of aeromechanics and dynamics of the articulated rotor
- Illustrate and compare the main methodologies for mathematical modeling of the helicopter
- Describe how equilibrium flight conditions (trim) of the helicopter are established and illustrate how state and control variables change as functions of flight speed
- Illustrate methods for determining the helicopter performance data
- Describe the main systems of the helicopter: rotor, motor, transmission, flight control system
- Describe the dynamic stability characteristics of helicopters
- Interpret and illustrate technological and design developments in rotary-wing and/or hybrid aerial vehicles.

Applying knowledge and understanding)
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Apply the concept of the optimal rotor to the design of the blade
- Develop and use a simple mathematical model of the machine aimed at studying performance
- Determine state and control variables in trimmed flight as flight speed varies.

Making judgments
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Tackle problems of average complexity that require planning and coordinating activities, using appropriate computational tools, and writing technical reports within set deadlines.

Communication skills
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Conduct collaborative activities as part of group work
- Expose the results of activities conducted in groups in the form of presentations and/or technical reports.

Learning skills
By the end of the course, the student will have gained an understanding of the present and future role of rotary-wing machines, including new systems for urban air mobility (UAM), and the ability, at a basic level, to formulate and solve problems related to helicopter aeromechanics through both the application of software applications and the independent development of computational codes.

Educational objectives

The students willing to attend the Turbulence course already posses a background concerning fluid motion and the basic mathematical models, the Navier-Stokes equations, say, used for its description, as acquired from previous courses. However, practically all the flows which are relevant for Aeronautical and Aerospace design applications in Aerodynamics, Fluid Dynamics and Gas Dynamics are incredibly more complex than the elementary solutions known to Batchelor students. Hence, all the background knowledge acquired by the student on fluid motion, although valuable for the foundations, is scarcely relevant for addressing the physical phenomena targeted by aerodynamic design and optimization, say. The student is left in the the same conditions of nineteen century scholars, who knew the mathematical model - the correct one, by the way — but ware unable to extract from it any valuable predictive information (just to cite known example, one may think of the wall known D’Alembert paradox or to the poor correspondence between the Poiseuille solution and the actual flow found in irrigation channels, not to talk of boundary layers). Indeed, still today we sometimes colloquially, though improperly, refer to a fluid undergoing turbulent flow as a turbulent fluid, a remnant of the historical gap between understanding of fluid motion and actual experience. In fact, in all cases of practical relevance, with the exception of microfluidic and nanofluidic ones, are turbulent (e.g., the flow in a room where we perceive still air is a stets of turbulent motion. Where it not, we would perceive smells by molecular diffusion, on a time scale of hours, as compared by the actual turbulent diffusion, on the time scale of seconds). The crucial point is that turbulence is the only fundamental problem of classical physics left unsolved after the scientific revolution of the early twentieth century.

In this general context, the basic objective of the course is ferrying the student from basic understanding toward the more advanced and complete knowledge needed for actual use in aerodynamic design. In view of this, the student needs to gain a clear comprehension of the fundamental dynamics operating in free (jets, say) and wall bounded flows (e.g. boundary layers).

Turbulence is a stochastic process governed by deterministic equations. In order to be able to dealt with turbulence we need the specialized language of stochastic processes applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, fro sure the most complex and difficult system of partial differential equations of wide interest for engineering applications.

First aim of the course is setting up the appropriate mathematical language for describing turbulent fields. Suitable tools in the context of probability and statistics will be explained to allow the student mastering the most appropriate description of stochastic fields governed by deterministic and stochastic equations. Students will familiarize with the notion of stochastic process and the basic tools for its statistical analysis.
Once the language is understood and mastered, the course will provide the students with tools for understanding and computing the most common turbulent flows, such as wall bounded (e.g. boundary layers) and free flows (such as free jets). Time will be dedicated also to figure out the universal mechanisms underpinning fully developed turbulence, namely the homogeneous, isotropic turbulence paradigm. This part of the course will lead the student to a complete and clear understanding of fundamental turbulent processes, such as turbulent transport, which implies increased mixing efficiency and heat transfer, and the magnified skin friction brought about by turbulence, which is crucial in aerodynamics.

Further step is to bring the student to master current and advanced predictive and semi-predictive models of most common use in the aeronautical and aerospace design. In order to achieve this result, the modern techniques for the numerical simulation of turbulent flows, ranging from direct numerical simulation (DNS), Reynolds averaged equations (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES). Beside providing simulation and analysis skills to be used in aerodynamical and fluid dynamical design, the purpose here is to enable the student to discriminate between the different approaches to select the most appropriate one to solve the specific problem at hand.

In many cases it may be crucial to be able to understand how turbulence develops in a given flow geometry. For this reason flow stability and the different routes of laminar-turbulence transition are crucial topics the gain familiarity with. Additionally, students will be exposed to complementary aspects such as noise generation by turbulence.

In conclusion, the overall, global objective of the course is to move the student from her/his basic school level knowledge to advanced and operative understanding of fluid motion in realistic contexts.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The course aims to systematically frame the students' knowledge in the field of the generation and propagation of acoustic disturbances in air. Starting from the analysis of simple analytical solutions, the student will be introduced to the study of semi-exact solutions and approximate techniques for the prediction of the noise generated in typical engineering applications, with particular reference to the aerospace field. The course also aims to familiarize the student with the most appropriate theoretical and practical methods for the engineering analysis of turbulent flows and the noise produced by them, as well as with modern techniques for noise suppression. In this sense, the course is coherent with the goals set forth by the European Union for 2050, aimed at 65% of acoustic emissions from commercial aircraft. An integral part of the course are a series of lessons aimed at introducing the student to the main problems related to the numerical study of acoustic propagation phenomena.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. Know and understand the approaches used in the engineering analysis of aeroacoustic problems and for reduction of aircraft noise
2. Knowing how to use the models learned in solving real case studies
3. Knowing how to choose the most appropriate methodological approach (analytical and modeling) in solving problems related to internal and external aeroacoustics phenomena
4. Knowing how to present and defend the knowledge and skills acquired during an oral interview
5. Knowing how to write a technical report on issues related to aeroacoustics
6. Ability to autonomously continue acquiring new knowledge in specialized areas of aeroacoustics.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the theoretical basis for addressing the study of thermal and thermoelastic problems in aerospace structures, induced by the thermal environment of the missions of aeronautical and space systems, with particular attention to the radiative exchange phenomena. In addition, the technology relating to piezoelectric materials is introduced in the perspective of structural monitoring, the treatment of which is deeply interconnected with the thermoelastic one following a close analogy in the mathematical formulation.

Educational objectives

The student will acquire the ability to design and evaluate the performance and environmental impact of aircrafts equipped with innovative engines and propulsion systems, taking into account safety requirements, energy efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the student will be able to develop and use computational codes for this purpose, knowing how to interpret the results critically and recognizing the impact of different hypotheses and methodologies employed.

Educational objectives

To provide the basics of the hypersonic aerodynamics and the methodologies for the solution of hypersonic flows

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of the aeroelasticity of aircraft in the linear field (vibrations of linear-elastic solids interacting with linearized potential flows) based on the prediction of their theoretical behavior and numerical simulation in the different operating flight conditions. Moreover, the skills are acquired to carry out the aeroelastic analyzes (stability and response checks in compliance with current regulations) of fixed-wing aircraft (divergence, flutter, gust response, response to command surfaces, effectiveness and inversion of commands) both through elementary numerical models implemented through autonomously developed computational codes, that complex interactional models of flexible aircraft and external flow through the critical use of commercial codes. Knowledge and development skills of analysis of complex fluid / structure systems and intersectoral knowledge between the mechanics of solids and fluids are acquired.

Educational objectives

The course introduces the student to vibroacoustic problems. The aim is to acquire the knowledge of the fundamental principles and techniques for modeling the irradiation of vibrating structures with particular attention to the analysis and solution of coupled structural and acoustic problems and to acquire the tools for the analysis and design of systems for the control and reduction of vibrations and noise for the proper functioning of the machines and for the protection of the environment and the well-being and health of workers and communities.

Educational objectives

The course presents a selection of advanced topics in Robotics and is intended as an introduction to research.
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
- fully develop a problem in Robotics, from its analysis to the proposal of solution methods and their implementation
- understand major aspects in mathematical modeling and control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with main emphasis on quadrotors
- recognize major features of the Hummingbird quadrotor
- understand and design attitude and position controllers
- analyze and manage algorithms for trajectory generation and tracking, and sensor-based control
- understand and solve problems related to modelling and control of locomotion and haptic interfaces for VR exploration..

Educational objectives

The course aims to allow students to acquire knowledge and skills useful for the virtuous circle of innovation-technologies-materials-products-processes in the structural and propulsive aeronautics sector and in the broader field of manufacturing industry. The topics will be treated with the use of an inter- and multidisciplinary approach, with the aim of linking knowledge and skills relating to the development and use of innovative materials technologies, aimed at implementation applications and selection / project aspects. The basic aspects aimed at identifying criteria for the selection and choice of materials that favor manufacturing approaches typical of the circular economy will also be highlighted, with reference to the use of environmentally friendly and recyclable materials, for technological processes also based on replacement materials from raw materials, including light and multi-material systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to complete the structural analysis from the point of view of the effects of nonlinearities. In particular, the
theoretical and computational tools for the analysis of structures undergoing large displacement/rotations and deformations
are provided with attention also to the constitutive nonlinearities.The ability to solve, compute and critically assess nonlinear problems in solids and structures. A solid grasp of the
foundational elements of nonlinear theories along with the computational aspects.

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aviation safety, standards and regulations. It is divided in two parts.

ICAO standards and civil aviation regulations (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/35)
The first part covers the following topics. Introduction to safety objectives and description the regulatory means to reach and maintain this level of safety. The main principles of the Chicago Convention, including the ICAO standards and recommended practices. Structure of the main technical regulations their hierarchy and applicability. The main applicable requirements for designing and manufacturing a product. EASA scope of competencies and the EU/EASA regulatory structure (basic regulation, Parts, CS, AMC/GM) for airworthiness and associated domains. Explanation on how users comply with the operational rules, operators’ responsibilities and state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:

- state the air transport safety objectives, explain how these objectives are implemented at the international level and explain the responsibilities of the different contracting states
- describe the main international and European regulatory bodies’ activities and state the contents of the Chicago Convention
- explain how the main technical regulations are structured, describe their hierarchy and applicability and describe their structure
- explain the airworthiness certificates specificities and describe TC holders’ responsibilities
- state the main Part 21 procedures
- explain how users comply with the operational rules, describe operators’ responsibilities and
- state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance
- State the ATM/ANS safety regulations, describe their overall content, describe their links and explain how some European countries have taken these regulations into account

Aviation safety management (3CFU) (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/17)
According to the principles of ICAO Safety Management System (SMS), the second part of the course introduces general concepts of aviation risk and safety management, as well as definitions of hazards, incidents, accidents, and associated models. An overview of traditional models for risk and safety management: Heinrich model, Swiss Cheese Model, and Normal Accident Theory. Recent trends in aviation safety management: complexity theory, Safety-I vs. Safety-II and Resilience management and engineering. Different vision on human error and the role of human factor in complex socio-technical systems;. Safety Management System: structure and implementation. Just culture, safety reporting, definition and usage of taxonomies. Foundations of accident investigation.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- understand and describe safety processes and events properly using terminology in line with the ICAO SMS
- interpret safety processes and events applying traditional models for aviation and safety management
- differentiate safety processes and events (depending on their complexity level) in order to apply advanced models and methods
- identify the role of human factor in safety processes and events according to different definitions of human error
- understand the different features of a SMS in relation to safety reporting and taxonomies
- develop a preliminary risk assessment for safety processes and events in a reactive and proactive perspective
- develop systemic analyses for complex aviation infrastructures and larger socio-technical systems
- possibly extend the acquired theoretical competences to other critical infrastructures having a complex socio-technical dimension (other transportation means, telecommunications systems, smart cities)

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aviation safety, standards and regulations. It is divided in two parts.

ICAO standards and civil aviation regulations (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/35)
The first part covers the following topics. Introduction to safety objectives and description the regulatory means to reach and maintain this level of safety. The main principles of the Chicago Convention, including the ICAO standards and recommended practices. Structure of the main technical regulations their hierarchy and applicability. The main applicable requirements for designing and manufacturing a product. EASA scope of competencies and the EU/EASA regulatory structure (basic regulation, Parts, CS, AMC/GM) for airworthiness and associated domains. Explanation on how users comply with the operational rules, operators’ responsibilities and state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:

- state the air transport safety objectives, explain how these objectives are implemented at the international level and explain the responsibilities of the different contracting states
- describe the main international and European regulatory bodies’ activities and state the contents of the Chicago Convention
- explain how the main technical regulations are structured, describe their hierarchy and applicability and describe their structure
- explain the airworthiness certificates specificities and describe TC holders’ responsibilities
- state the main Part 21 procedures
- explain how users comply with the operational rules, describe operators’ responsibilities and
- state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance
- State the ATM/ANS safety regulations, describe their overall content, describe their links and explain how some European countries have taken these regulations into account

Aviation safety management (3CFU) (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/17)
According to the principles of ICAO Safety Management System (SMS), the second part of the course introduces general concepts of aviation risk and safety management, as well as definitions of hazards, incidents, accidents, and associated models. An overview of traditional models for risk and safety management: Heinrich model, Swiss Cheese Model, and Normal Accident Theory. Recent trends in aviation safety management: complexity theory, Safety-I vs. Safety-II and Resilience management and engineering. Different vision on human error and the role of human factor in complex socio-technical systems;. Safety Management System: structure and implementation. Just culture, safety reporting, definition and usage of taxonomies. Foundations of accident investigation.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- understand and describe safety processes and events properly using terminology in line with the ICAO SMS
- interpret safety processes and events applying traditional models for aviation and safety management
- differentiate safety processes and events (depending on their complexity level) in order to apply advanced models and methods
- identify the role of human factor in safety processes and events according to different definitions of human error
- understand the different features of a SMS in relation to safety reporting and taxonomies
- develop a preliminary risk assessment for safety processes and events in a reactive and proactive perspective
- develop systemic analyses for complex aviation infrastructures and larger socio-technical systems
- possibly extend the acquired theoretical competences to other critical infrastructures having a complex socio-technical dimension (other transportation means, telecommunications systems, smart cities)

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aviation safety, standards and regulations. It is divided in two parts.

ICAO standards and civil aviation regulations (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/35)
The first part covers the following topics. Introduction to safety objectives and description the regulatory means to reach and maintain this level of safety. The main principles of the Chicago Convention, including the ICAO standards and recommended practices. Structure of the main technical regulations their hierarchy and applicability. The main applicable requirements for designing and manufacturing a product. EASA scope of competencies and the EU/EASA regulatory structure (basic regulation, Parts, CS, AMC/GM) for airworthiness and associated domains. Explanation on how users comply with the operational rules, operators’ responsibilities and state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:

- state the air transport safety objectives, explain how these objectives are implemented at the international level and explain the responsibilities of the different contracting states
- describe the main international and European regulatory bodies’ activities and state the contents of the Chicago Convention
- explain how the main technical regulations are structured, describe their hierarchy and applicability and describe their structure
- explain the airworthiness certificates specificities and describe TC holders’ responsibilities
- state the main Part 21 procedures
- explain how users comply with the operational rules, describe operators’ responsibilities and
- state the main regulatory principles on aircraft maintenance
- State the ATM/ANS safety regulations, describe their overall content, describe their links and explain how some European countries have taken these regulations into account

Aviation safety management (3CFU) (3 CFU, SSD ING-IND/17)
According to the principles of ICAO Safety Management System (SMS), the second part of the course introduces general concepts of aviation risk and safety management, as well as definitions of hazards, incidents, accidents, and associated models. An overview of traditional models for risk and safety management: Heinrich model, Swiss Cheese Model, and Normal Accident Theory. Recent trends in aviation safety management: complexity theory, Safety-I vs. Safety-II and Resilience management and engineering. Different vision on human error and the role of human factor in complex socio-technical systems;. Safety Management System: structure and implementation. Just culture, safety reporting, definition and usage of taxonomies. Foundations of accident investigation.
Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- understand and describe safety processes and events properly using terminology in line with the ICAO SMS
- interpret safety processes and events applying traditional models for aviation and safety management
- differentiate safety processes and events (depending on their complexity level) in order to apply advanced models and methods
- identify the role of human factor in safety processes and events according to different definitions of human error
- understand the different features of a SMS in relation to safety reporting and taxonomies
- develop a preliminary risk assessment for safety processes and events in a reactive and proactive perspective
- develop systemic analyses for complex aviation infrastructures and larger socio-technical systems
- possibly extend the acquired theoretical competences to other critical infrastructures having a complex socio-technical dimension (other transportation means, telecommunications systems, smart cities)

Educational objectives

The objectives of this module aim to provide the students with knowledge of technologies currently used in the air traffic control area, including taxi, take-off and landing. Items covered in the course are Air Traffic Control Radars, clutter cancellation, azimuth integration, meteo radars, ASMGCS systems for the control and guidance of all the aircrafts and vehicles moving in the airport. Finally an introduction will be given to avionics and instrumentation for the conduct of the flight.

Educational objectives

The course covers fundamental aerodynamics concepts on the rotor, rigid blade dynamics for an articulated rotor and helicopter control and performance in various flight conditions.

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding;
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Describe, having understood the main phenomenological aspects, the basic elements of aeromechanics and dynamics of the articulated rotor
- Illustrate and compare the main methodologies for mathematical modeling of the helicopter
- Describe how equilibrium flight conditions (trim) of the helicopter are established and illustrate how state and control variables change as functions of flight speed
- Illustrate methods for determining the helicopter performance data
- Describe the main systems of the helicopter: rotor, motor, transmission, flight control system
- Describe the dynamic stability characteristics of helicopters
- Interpret and illustrate technological and design developments in rotary-wing and/or hybrid aerial vehicles.

Applying knowledge and understanding)
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Apply the concept of the optimal rotor to the design of the blade
- Develop and use a simple mathematical model of the machine aimed at studying performance
- Determine state and control variables in trimmed flight as flight speed varies.

Making judgments
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Tackle problems of average complexity that require planning and coordinating activities, using appropriate computational tools, and writing technical reports within set deadlines.

Communication skills
Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Conduct collaborative activities as part of group work
- Expose the results of activities conducted in groups in the form of presentations and/or technical reports.

Learning skills
By the end of the course, the student will have gained an understanding of the present and future role of rotary-wing machines, including new systems for urban air mobility (UAM), and the ability, at a basic level, to formulate and solve problems related to helicopter aeromechanics through both the application of software applications and the independent development of computational codes.

Educational objectives

This course presents an introduction to the air transport system with a specific focus on airline operations and management.
Air transport systems (3 CFU, ING-IND/05)
The air transport system module will cover the following topics: introduction to the air transport system, international rules and obligations, the key characteristics of the different subsystems and their interactions: Airlines, maintenance organization, air traffic (navigation) service providers, airports, civil aviation training of personnel: ATC, pilots, engineers, dispatchers. Future development in terms of safety, environment and efficiency.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- explain the air transport system today and future developments
- identify the main stakeholders, their interaction and the basic business models with a focus on:
o ICAO and regulatory bodies
o Air traffic control,
o Airport
o Air Operators
o Service companies
o International organizations (IATA, A4A, ISO)
- understand the air law, regulations and standards applied to air transports
- understand the environmental challenges and which actions are taken to reduce the impact of the Air Transport industry.

Airline operations and economics (3 CFU, ING-IND/07)

Knowledge and understanding
The essential tools for analyzing airline decision-making processes are illustrated. In particular, the student understands the basic notions related to:
• to the microeconomic analysis of the company,
• technological innovation strategies,
• the economic-financial evaluation with specific reference to the air transport industry and airline strategies.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student is able to apply basic methods and models of microeconomics, organization theory and corporate finance in order to:
• identify the determinants of the main strategic choices of airlines,
• analyze the interaction between the technological and structural evolution of the air transport industry and the strategies of the airlines.

Autonomy of judgment
The combination of theoretical lectures and the discussion of case studies allows students to acquire the ability to evaluate the potential and limitations of theoretical models for the purpose of formulating airline strategies.

Communication skills
At the end of the course, students are able to illustrate and explain the main theses and arguments of business microeconomics and corporate finance to a variety of heterogeneous interlocutors in terms of training and professional role in the air transport industry, and specifically in the airline sector. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam.

Learning ability
The student acquires the ability to independently conduct individual studies on specific topics of microeconomics and corporate finance with application to the air transport industry, and specifically to airlines. During the course, the student is stimulated to deepen topics of particular interest by consulting supplementary bibliographic material, such as academic articles, specialist books and websites. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam, during which the student can be called to analyze and solve new problems based on the topics covered and the reference material distributed during the course.

Educational objectives

This course presents an introduction to the air transport system with a specific focus on airline operations and management.
Air transport systems (3 CFU, ING-IND/05)
The air transport system module will cover the following topics: introduction to the air transport system, international rules and obligations, the key characteristics of the different subsystems and their interactions: Airlines, maintenance organization, air traffic (navigation) service providers, airports, civil aviation training of personnel: ATC, pilots, engineers, dispatchers. Future development in terms of safety, environment and efficiency.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- explain the air transport system today and future developments
- identify the main stakeholders, their interaction and the basic business models with a focus on:
o ICAO and regulatory bodies
o Air traffic control,
o Airport
o Air Operators
o Service companies
o International organizations (IATA, A4A, ISO)
- understand the air law, regulations and standards applied to air transports
- understand the environmental challenges and which actions are taken to reduce the impact of the Air Transport industry.

Airline operations and economics (3 CFU, ING-IND/07)

Knowledge and understanding
The essential tools for analyzing airline decision-making processes are illustrated. In particular, the student understands the basic notions related to:
• to the microeconomic analysis of the company,
• technological innovation strategies,
• the economic-financial evaluation with specific reference to the air transport industry and airline strategies.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student is able to apply basic methods and models of microeconomics, organization theory and corporate finance in order to:
• identify the determinants of the main strategic choices of airlines,
• analyze the interaction between the technological and structural evolution of the air transport industry and the strategies of the airlines.

Autonomy of judgment
The combination of theoretical lectures and the discussion of case studies allows students to acquire the ability to evaluate the potential and limitations of theoretical models for the purpose of formulating airline strategies.

Communication skills
At the end of the course, students are able to illustrate and explain the main theses and arguments of business microeconomics and corporate finance to a variety of heterogeneous interlocutors in terms of training and professional role in the air transport industry, and specifically in the airline sector. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam.

Learning ability
The student acquires the ability to independently conduct individual studies on specific topics of microeconomics and corporate finance with application to the air transport industry, and specifically to airlines. During the course, the student is stimulated to deepen topics of particular interest by consulting supplementary bibliographic material, such as academic articles, specialist books and websites. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam, during which the student can be called to analyze and solve new problems based on the topics covered and the reference material distributed during the course.

Educational objectives

This course presents an introduction to the air transport system with a specific focus on airline operations and management.
Air transport systems (3 CFU, ING-IND/05)
The air transport system module will cover the following topics: introduction to the air transport system, international rules and obligations, the key characteristics of the different subsystems and their interactions: Airlines, maintenance organization, air traffic (navigation) service providers, airports, civil aviation training of personnel: ATC, pilots, engineers, dispatchers. Future development in terms of safety, environment and efficiency.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
- explain the air transport system today and future developments
- identify the main stakeholders, their interaction and the basic business models with a focus on:
o ICAO and regulatory bodies
o Air traffic control,
o Airport
o Air Operators
o Service companies
o International organizations (IATA, A4A, ISO)
- understand the air law, regulations and standards applied to air transports
- understand the environmental challenges and which actions are taken to reduce the impact of the Air Transport industry.

Airline operations and economics (3 CFU, ING-IND/07)

Knowledge and understanding
The essential tools for analyzing airline decision-making processes are illustrated. In particular, the student understands the basic notions related to:
• to the microeconomic analysis of the company,
• technological innovation strategies,
• the economic-financial evaluation with specific reference to the air transport industry and airline strategies.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student is able to apply basic methods and models of microeconomics, organization theory and corporate finance in order to:
• identify the determinants of the main strategic choices of airlines,
• analyze the interaction between the technological and structural evolution of the air transport industry and the strategies of the airlines.

Autonomy of judgment
The combination of theoretical lectures and the discussion of case studies allows students to acquire the ability to evaluate the potential and limitations of theoretical models for the purpose of formulating airline strategies.

Communication skills
At the end of the course, students are able to illustrate and explain the main theses and arguments of business microeconomics and corporate finance to a variety of heterogeneous interlocutors in terms of training and professional role in the air transport industry, and specifically in the airline sector. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam.

Learning ability
The student acquires the ability to independently conduct individual studies on specific topics of microeconomics and corporate finance with application to the air transport industry, and specifically to airlines. During the course, the student is stimulated to deepen topics of particular interest by consulting supplementary bibliographic material, such as academic articles, specialist books and websites. The acquisition of these skills is verified and evaluated during the final exam, during which the student can be called to analyze and solve new problems based on the topics covered and the reference material distributed during the course.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to provide the necessary methodologies for determining the position of the aircraft, and for the calculation and planning of trajectories in the general context of atmospheric flight, having established appropriate cost indices and constraints depending on the specific problem and mission. Particular problems are considered for eco-sustainable trajectories where cost indices and constraints are appropriately chosen in relation to the particular case analyzed.

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aircraft flight operations and maintenance. It is divided in two parts.

Aircraft flight operations (3 CFU ING-IND/03)
This part will cover the following topics: introduction to flight planning: route and profile planning, time, speed and fuel calculations applied to current aircraft models. Weather considerations, aircraft performance considerations, aircraft technical status considerations, operational Flight Plan, alternate airports selection, fuel saving methodologies, Introduction to advanced dispatch techniques. Practical flight planning exercises will be performed at the end of the theoretical part.

Learning objectives

General
After completing this course, the student will be able to understand all the aspects of the aircraft flight, perform a weight and balance calculation, and prepare a flight plan using the current methodologies of fuel optimization

Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Understand performance principles
- Describe key factors to optimize flight operations
- Optimize flight operations thanks to appropriate tools and methods
- Perform a weigh and balance calculation
- describe the typical airline flight operations department
- Prepare a flight plan
- Describe the Flight efficiency principles
- Use the fuel optimization methodologies

Aircraft maintenance management (3 CFU ING-IND/04)
The course will cover the following topics: general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges. Introduction to the main maintenance stakeholders, how they operate and which are their business relations. Maintenance cost and the aircraft end of life main aspects and related business models. The organization and the tools implemented by aircraft and systems manufacturers to support their products, the services business models and the future development related to the predictive maintenance. Fundamental principles of logistics management of spare parts in Civil and Military aviation. Aircraft operators’ organization and tasks for the technical management of the aircraft and its continuing airworthiness. MRO organization, infrastructure, tools, material, personnel and environmental aspects and how they can be optimized to reduce cost. The safety and Human Factors aspects relate to aircraft maintenance.

Learning objectives
General
Integrate the general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges;
Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe the main aspect of the aircraft maintenance, the role and responsibilities main stakeholders (manufacturers, operators, airworthiness authorities, MRO companies and service providers)
- Identify the international organizations and the main standards and regulations applicable to the aircraft maintenance
- Describe how a maintenance program is developed, certified and managed
- Describe the theoretical tools and methodologies used to perform the predictive maintenance through the use of aircraft data
- Describe the principal aspects of the aviation logistics and spares, the new strategies and services including the component pool and exchange services.
- Explain the spares certification requirements and the management of “bogus parts” parts
- Describe the organization and the main tasks the operator has to perform to insure the continuing airworthiness and the profitability of the aircraft operations, in particular :
o The preparation of the operator maintenance program
o The responsibilities of a CAMO organization and the CAME manual contents
- Describe the Maintenance & Repair Organization (MRO), the infrastructures, the tools the working document and its personnel
- Identify the main environmental aspects of aircraft maintenance including the dismantling and recycling constraints

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aircraft flight operations and maintenance. It is divided in two parts.

Aircraft flight operations (3 CFU ING-IND/03)
This part will cover the following topics: introduction to flight planning: route and profile planning, time, speed and fuel calculations applied to current aircraft models. Weather considerations, aircraft performance considerations, aircraft technical status considerations, operational Flight Plan, alternate airports selection, fuel saving methodologies, Introduction to advanced dispatch techniques. Practical flight planning exercises will be performed at the end of the theoretical part.

Learning objectives

General
After completing this course, the student will be able to understand all the aspects of the aircraft flight, perform a weight and balance calculation, and prepare a flight plan using the current methodologies of fuel optimization

Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Understand performance principles
- Describe key factors to optimize flight operations
- Optimize flight operations thanks to appropriate tools and methods
- Perform a weigh and balance calculation
- describe the typical airline flight operations department
- Prepare a flight plan
- Describe the Flight efficiency principles
- Use the fuel optimization methodologies

Aircraft maintenance management (3 CFU ING-IND/04)
The course will cover the following topics: general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges. Introduction to the main maintenance stakeholders, how they operate and which are their business relations. Maintenance cost and the aircraft end of life main aspects and related business models. The organization and the tools implemented by aircraft and systems manufacturers to support their products, the services business models and the future development related to the predictive maintenance. Fundamental principles of logistics management of spare parts in Civil and Military aviation. Aircraft operators’ organization and tasks for the technical management of the aircraft and its continuing airworthiness. MRO organization, infrastructure, tools, material, personnel and environmental aspects and how they can be optimized to reduce cost. The safety and Human Factors aspects relate to aircraft maintenance.

Learning objectives
General
Integrate the general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges;
Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe the main aspect of the aircraft maintenance, the role and responsibilities main stakeholders (manufacturers, operators, airworthiness authorities, MRO companies and service providers)
- Identify the international organizations and the main standards and regulations applicable to the aircraft maintenance
- Describe how a maintenance program is developed, certified and managed
- Describe the theoretical tools and methodologies used to perform the predictive maintenance through the use of aircraft data
- Describe the principal aspects of the aviation logistics and spares, the new strategies and services including the component pool and exchange services.
- Explain the spares certification requirements and the management of “bogus parts” parts
- Describe the organization and the main tasks the operator has to perform to insure the continuing airworthiness and the profitability of the aircraft operations, in particular :
o The preparation of the operator maintenance program
o The responsibilities of a CAMO organization and the CAME manual contents
- Describe the Maintenance & Repair Organization (MRO), the infrastructures, the tools the working document and its personnel
- Identify the main environmental aspects of aircraft maintenance including the dismantling and recycling constraints

Educational objectives

This course introduces the basic principles of aircraft flight operations and maintenance. It is divided in two parts.

Aircraft flight operations (3 CFU ING-IND/03)
This part will cover the following topics: introduction to flight planning: route and profile planning, time, speed and fuel calculations applied to current aircraft models. Weather considerations, aircraft performance considerations, aircraft technical status considerations, operational Flight Plan, alternate airports selection, fuel saving methodologies, Introduction to advanced dispatch techniques. Practical flight planning exercises will be performed at the end of the theoretical part.

Learning objectives

General
After completing this course, the student will be able to understand all the aspects of the aircraft flight, perform a weight and balance calculation, and prepare a flight plan using the current methodologies of fuel optimization

Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Understand performance principles
- Describe key factors to optimize flight operations
- Optimize flight operations thanks to appropriate tools and methods
- Perform a weigh and balance calculation
- describe the typical airline flight operations department
- Prepare a flight plan
- Describe the Flight efficiency principles
- Use the fuel optimization methodologies

Aircraft maintenance management (3 CFU ING-IND/04)
The course will cover the following topics: general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges. Introduction to the main maintenance stakeholders, how they operate and which are their business relations. Maintenance cost and the aircraft end of life main aspects and related business models. The organization and the tools implemented by aircraft and systems manufacturers to support their products, the services business models and the future development related to the predictive maintenance. Fundamental principles of logistics management of spare parts in Civil and Military aviation. Aircraft operators’ organization and tasks for the technical management of the aircraft and its continuing airworthiness. MRO organization, infrastructure, tools, material, personnel and environmental aspects and how they can be optimized to reduce cost. The safety and Human Factors aspects relate to aircraft maintenance.

Learning objectives
General
Integrate the general principles of aircraft maintenance for all civil aviation products including drones, the associated regulatory constraints, the economical, operational and safety aspects, business models and environmental challenges;
Detailed
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe the main aspect of the aircraft maintenance, the role and responsibilities main stakeholders (manufacturers, operators, airworthiness authorities, MRO companies and service providers)
- Identify the international organizations and the main standards and regulations applicable to the aircraft maintenance
- Describe how a maintenance program is developed, certified and managed
- Describe the theoretical tools and methodologies used to perform the predictive maintenance through the use of aircraft data
- Describe the principal aspects of the aviation logistics and spares, the new strategies and services including the component pool and exchange services.
- Explain the spares certification requirements and the management of “bogus parts” parts
- Describe the organization and the main tasks the operator has to perform to insure the continuing airworthiness and the profitability of the aircraft operations, in particular :
o The preparation of the operator maintenance program
o The responsibilities of a CAMO organization and the CAME manual contents
- Describe the Maintenance & Repair Organization (MRO), the infrastructures, the tools the working document and its personnel
- Identify the main environmental aspects of aircraft maintenance including the dismantling and recycling constraints

Educational objectives

General objectives:

Acquire the basic principles of the field of Artificial Intelligence, specifically the modeling of intelligent systems through the notion of intelligent agent.
Acquire the basic techniques developed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, concerning symbol manipulation and, more speicifically, discrete models.

Specific objectives:

Knowledge and understanding:

Automated search in the space state: general methods, heuristic driven methods, local Search. Factored representations: constraint satisfaction problems, automated planning.
Knowledge Representation through formal systems: propositional logic, first order logic, description logic (hints), non monotonic reasoning (hints). Usage of logic as a programming language: PROLOG.

Applying knowledge and understanding:

Modeling problems by means of the manifold representation techniques acquired through the course. Analysis of the behavior of the basic algorithms for automated reasoning.

Making judgements:
Being able to evaluate the quality of a representation model for a problem and the results of the application of the reasoning algorithms when run on it.

Communication:
The oral communication skills are stimulated through the interaction during class, while the writing skills will be developed thorugh the analysis of exercises and answers to open questions, that are included in the final test.

Lifelong learning skills:
In addition to the learning capabilities arising from the study of the theoretical models presented in the course, the problem solving capabilities of the student will be improved through the exercises where the acquired knowledge is applied.

Educational objectives

- Be able to manage the problems of electrical systems in the aeronautical fields. In particular, being able to communicate with electrical system specialists both highlighting the particular needs in the use of electrical energy in the aeronautical field and being able to adequately evaluate the solutions proposed by the specialists themselves;
- Know the main problems of the correct sizing of an electrical system, with understanding: of the correct method of analysis of the useful effects that can be produced with appliances that use electricity, of the physical laws underlying the sizing calculations, of all the constraints for an electrical system that must be simultaneously satisfied;
- Extrapolate from the sizing procedure studied a general methodology of analysis of new problems, with identification of the final objectives and of all the system constraints that can be found;
- Be able to verify the correct schematization of the problem and critically analyze the sizing results of the system to have evidence of compliance: with the functional needs of electrical utilities and power sources, and with the requirements of correct behavior in the event of a fault;
- Acquire adequate knowledge: of the terminology used in the electrical plant engineering sector, and of the best way of representing the specialized needs of electrical systems for the aeronautical sector;
- Be able to transfer the learned procedures of analysis and subsequent sizing, based more on the understanding of basic physical phenomena than on the knowledge of standardized solutions, in case of updating of both system and component technologies.

Educational objectives

The educational objective of the course is to offer the student a specific preparation that allows him to synthesize some basic knowledge of airport engineering for the proper performance of his professional activity. The goal will be pursued through a specific design application of an airport system, which will take place with exercises aimed at adapting an existing airport to new traffic conditions. At the end of the course the student will have the skills to plan and manage airport infrastructures from a smart perspective, including knowledge of the most sustainable construction techniques (pavement recycling, reduction of CO2 emissions, accessibility to the airport with sustainable modes of transport / intermodality, etc.)

Educational objectives

The course presents a selection of advanced topics in Robotics and is intended as an introduction to research.
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
- fully develop a problem in Robotics, from its analysis to the proposal of solution methods and their implementation
- understand major aspects in mathematical modeling and control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with main emphasis on quadrotors
- recognize major features of the Hummingbird quadrotor
- understand and design attitude and position controllers
- analyze and manage algorithms for trajectory generation and tracking, and sensor-based control
- understand and solve problems related to modelling and control of locomotion and haptic interfaces for VR exploration..

Educational objectives

The course illustrates the basic estimation and filtering methodologies. The student will be able to use the most important estimation techniques and to formulate and study optimization problem of different kinds.

Specific objectives

- Knowledge and understanding
The student will learn the estimation and filtering methodologies for being applied to different frameworks.

- Use knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to formulate an estimation problem and design the optimal estimate, by implementing it to evaluate the consequent results

- Communication skills
The course will allow the student to communicate and share the main problems in specific application fields, by focusing on the possible design procedures and evaluating their strength or weakness

- Learning skills
The course will empower the analytical skills of the student, from the problem analysis to the study of the available scientific literature and down to the design and implementation.

Educational objectives

The objectives of this module aim to provide the students with knowledge of technologies currently used in the air traffic control area, including taxi, take-off and landing. Items covered in the course are Air Traffic Control Radars, clutter cancellation, azimuth integration, meteo radars, ASMGCS systems for the control and guidance of all the aircrafts and vehicles moving in the airport. Finally an introduction will be given to avionics and instrumentation for the conduct of the flight.

Educational objectives

Human factors in aerospace includes the effects of the aerospace environment on human physiology. This module provides the basics knowledge to study the effects of aerospace flight on the human body. The module addresses both aviation and spaceflight physiology. Aviation physiology includes aspects such as hypoxia, barotrauma, decompression sickness, biodynamics (acceleration, spatial disorientation, motion sickness, simulator sickness), night vision problems, thermal stress, noise and vibration, lifestyle. Human spaceflight physiology includes aspects such as microgravity effects, space adaptation syndrome, cardiovascular response, bone and muscle response, radiation effects in space, space hygiene, space nutrition, suborbital and parabolic flight.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
• Understand the impact of the aerospace environment on human physiology.
• Analyze the physiological responses to hypoxia, barotrauma, and decompression sickness.
• Understand the challenges and adaptations related to biodynamics.
• Appraise the impact of night vision problems, thermal stress, noise, vibration, and lifestyle factors on human physiology.
• Gain insights into the effects of microgravity on the human body.
• Explore the phenomenon of space adaptation syndrome for human space travelers.
• Understand the cardiovascular responses to spaceflight conditions.
• Explore the effects of radiation in space on human health.
• Investigate space hygiene considerations relevance to prolonged space missions.
• Understand the importance of space nutrition for sustaining astronaut health.

Educational objectives

Human Factors (HF) is a core area for ensuring the success of aviation operations. This module provides an introduction to the understanding of HF and their integration in design and operations of complex aviation systems. The coursework presents diverse HF theories and methods (including HTA, SHERPA, Accimaps, FRAM) to model the complexity of sociotechnical systems, and critically appraise their outputs. The importance of Human-centred design is discussed in modern operational contexts, especially in relation to automation, distributed situation awareness, and organizational integration. The course is complemented by macro-ergonomics, and cognitive ergonomics.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Critically appraise major HF theories and their relevance for high-risk systems.
Explain the role of humans, teams and organizations in modern work processes.
Identify the role of automation in modern industrial socio-technical systems, and model different human-machine collaborative settings.
Interpret and apply anthropometric and environmental data for the design and the assessment of operations.
Model the cognitive capability of humans in terms of situation awareness, decision making, and communication
Select and apply HF methods for design and/or evaluation of socio-technical systems functionalities.
Conduct critical task analyses and human reliability/ human factors assessments.
Formulate and test hypotheses and design solutions with implications on human workload, fatigue risk management, ergonomics, and mission performance.
Develop a human factors case for air traffic, flight, ground and maintenance operations.
Communicate the results of a qualitative and a quantitative HF analysis and design results, both written and orally.

Educational objectives

Human factors in aerospace includes the effects of the aerospace environment on human physiology. This module provides the basics knowledge to study the effects of aerospace flight on the human body. The module addresses both aviation and spaceflight physiology. Aviation physiology includes aspects such as hypoxia, barotrauma, decompression sickness, biodynamics (acceleration, spatial disorientation, motion sickness, simulator sickness), night vision problems, thermal stress, noise and vibration, lifestyle. Human spaceflight physiology includes aspects such as microgravity effects, space adaptation syndrome, cardiovascular response, bone and muscle response, radiation effects in space, space hygiene, space nutrition, suborbital and parabolic flight.

Learning objectives
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
• Understand the impact of the aerospace environment on human physiology.
• Analyze the physiological responses to hypoxia, barotrauma, and decompression sickness.
• Understand the challenges and adaptations related to biodynamics.
• Appraise the impact of night vision problems, thermal stress, noise, vibration, and lifestyle factors on human physiology.
• Gain insights into the effects of microgravity on the human body.
• Explore the phenomenon of space adaptation syndrome for human space travelers.
• Understand the cardiovascular responses to spaceflight conditions.
• Explore the effects of radiation in space on human health.
• Investigate space hygiene considerations relevance to prolonged space missions.
• Understand the importance of space nutrition for sustaining astronaut health.