Course program
Economic planning: Pipeline economics. Methods of analysis. Uncertainty in forecasts. Balancing storage. The fundamental equations of fluid flow. Flow-head loss relationships.Hydraulics: Conventional flow formulae, rational flow formulae, minor losses, network analysis. Pipeline system analysis and design: Equivalent pipes for pipes in series or parallel, the loop flow correction method, the node head correction method. Alternative methods of analysis. Network analysis by linear theory. Dynamic programming for optimizing compound pipes. Transportation programming for least cost allocation of resources. Linear programming for design of least cost open networks. Steepest path ascent technique for extending networks. Design of looped networks. Optimization of pipeline systems. Water hammer and surge: Rigid water column surge theory. Mechanics of water hammer. Elastic water hammer theory. Method of analysis. Effect of friction. Protection of pumping lines. Pump inertia. Pump by-pass reflux valves. Surge tanks. Discharge tanks. Air vessels. In-line reflux valves. Choice of protective device. Air in pipelines: Problems of air entrainment. Air intake at pump sumps. Air absorption at free surfaces. Hydraulic removal of air. Hydraulic jumps. Free falls. Air valves. Head losses in pipelines. Water hammer.
External loads: Soil loads. Trench conditions. Embankment conditions. Superimposed loads. Traffic loads. Stress caused by point loads. Line loads. Uniformly loaded areas. Effect of rigid pavements.
Concrete pipes: The effect of bedding. Prestressed concrete pipes. Circumferential prestressing.
Circumferential prestress after losses. Circumferential stress under field pressure. Longitudinal prestressing. Longitudinal stresses after losses. Properties of steel and concrete. Steel and flexible pipe: Internal pressures. Tension rings to resist internal pressure. Deformation of circular pipes under external load. Effect of lateral support. Stresses due to circumferential bending. More general deflection equations. Stiffening rings to resist buckling with no side support. Stresses at branches.
Secondary stresses: Crotch plates, internal bracing, stresses at bends. The pipe as a beam. Longitudinal bending. Pipe stress at saddles. Ring girders. Temperature stresses. Pipe materials.
Pipes, fittings and appurtenances: Steel pipe. Cast iron pipe. Asbestos cement pipe. Concrete pipe. Plastic pipe. Sluice valves. Butterfly valves. Globe valves. Needle and control valves. Spherical valves. Reflux valves. Air vent valves. Air release valves. Line valves. Air valves. Thrust blocks. Flow measurement. Venturi meters. Nozzles. Orifices. Bend meters. Mechanical meters. Electromagnetic induction. Mass and volume measurement. Telemetry. Selecting a route. Laying and trenching.Thrust bores. Pipe bridges. Underwater pipelines. Joints and flanges. Coatings. Linings. Cathodic protection. Laying and protection. Galvanic corrosion. Stray current electrolysis. Thermal insulation. Influence of pumps on pipeline design. Types of pumps. Positive displacement types. Centrifugal pumps. Pumping installations. Terms and definitions. Impeller dynamics. Pump characteristics curves. Motors. Pump stations.
Approaches to urban drainage. Types of system: piped or natural. Types of piped system: combined or separate. Combined and separate systems compared. Urban water system. Water quality: Parameters and Processes. Receiving water impacts and water standards. Wastewater: Domestic and Non-domestic. Infiltration and inflow. Wastewater quality. Rainfall: Measurement and analysis of single events or multiple events. Climate change. Stormwater: Runoff generation and overland flow. Stormwater quality. System components and layout: Building drainage and system components. Hydraulics: Basic principles. Pipe flow, part-full pipe flow and open-channel flow.
Hydraulic features: Flow controls by weirs, inverted siphons. Gully spacing. Culverts.
Foul sewers design: Large sewers and small sewers.Solids transport. Storm sewers design: Contributing area - Rational Method; Time–area Method; Hydrograph methods. Undeveloped site runoff. Sewer flooding: Flood risk. Combined sewers and combined sewer overflows: System flows and the role of CSOs. Control of pollution from combined sewer systems. Approaches to CSO design and effectiveness of CSOs. CSO design details. Storage: Function of storage.Overall design and sizing. Level pool (or reservoir) routing. Alternative routing procedure and storage in context.
Pumped systems: General arrangement of a pumping system. Hydraulic design of rising mains. Types of pump and pumping station design. Vacuum systems. Structural design and construction: Types of construction. Pipes, structural design and site investigation. Open-trench construction, tunnelling and trenchless methods. Construction costs. Sediments: Origins and effects. Transport and characteristics. Self-cleansing design. Load estimation and application. Operation, maintenance and performance: Maintenance strategies: Sewer location and inspection, cleaning techniques. Health and safety. Gas generation and control. Performance and energy use. Rehabilitation: SRM procedure and methods of structural repair and renovation. Hydraulic rehabilitation. Balancing cost and risk. Flow models: Models and urban drainage engineering. Deterministic models and elements of a flow model. Modelling unsteady flow and surface flooding. Computer packages. Setting up and using a system model. Flow models in context. Quality models: Development of quality models. Modelling pollutant transport and transformation. Use of quality models and alternative approaches to modelling. Stormwater management: Devices and SUDS applications. Elements of design and water quality. Evaluation of SUDS systems and issues. Other stormwater management measures.
Integrated management and control: Urban Pollution Management and real-time control. Integrated modelling and in-sewer treatment. Towards sustainable water management: Sustainability in urban drainage. Assessing sustainability and urban futures.
Introduction to river mechanics and physical properties and equations: Properties of waterand sediment. River flow kinematics and conservation of mass. Equations of motion. Hydraulic and energy grade lines.
River basins: Characteristics and rainfall precipitation. Interception and infiltration. Excess rainfall and surface runoff. Upland-erosion losses and sediment source and yield. Steady flow in rivers: Steady uniform and nonuniform river flow. Sediment transport in rivers. Unsteady flow in rivers: River continuity equation and momentum equations. River floodwaves.Loop-rating curves. River flood routing and river flow and sediment-duration curves. River equilibrium: Particle stability and channel stability. Regime relationships and equilibrium in river bends. Downstream hydraulic geometry. Bars in alluvial rivers. River meandering and lateral river migration. River dynamics: River dynamics and riverbed degradation and aggradation. River confluences and branches.
River stabilization: Riverbank stability, riprap revetment and riverbank protection. River flow-control structures. River engineering: River flood control and bridge scour. Physical and mathematical river models: Hydraulic similitude. Rigid-bed and mobile-bed river models. Finite-difference approximations.One-dimensional and multidimensional river models.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of hydraulics, hydrology, mathematical analysis and statistical and probability calculations.
Basic elements of data processing systems, graphic computer science and numerical analysis.
Books
David Stephenson: Pipeline Design for Water Engineers
David Butler and John W. Davies: Urban Drainage
Willi Hager: Wastewater Hydraulics Theory and practice
Ro Charlton: Fundamentals of Fluvial Geomorphology
Frequency
Not mandatory
Exam mode
The evaluation takes place through a written test, of an application type, based on the solution of some numerical exercises relating to the design of water supply and wastewater networks .
The oral test concerns the methodological approach of solving a hydraulic engineering problem.
Lesson mode
The course is divided into lectures and application exercises through the use of automatic calculation programs.
