Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: knowledge of key notions of history of science and technology by means of an analysis of some classics of the discipline; improvement of: capacity of critical reading and historical-theoretical framing of scientific and philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical and scientific terminology in oral and written communication; argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): basic notions of formal logic: deductive validity, connectives, quantifiers, semantics, formal systems. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to apply formal logic to scrutinize informal reasonings and to solve logical problems. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to critically examine philosophical assumptions connected with concepts and procedures employed in formal logic. Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use the tools of formal logic to construct arguments and to respond to the arguments of others. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to use the acquired knowledge to deal with logical systems more advanced than first order classical predicate logic.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquiring key notions and main themes in philosophy of mind and cognitive sciences, developing an adequate philosophical vocabulary, enhancing personal argumentative skills, developing the ability to make conceptual connections between the technological and philosophical domains.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Without prejudice to the general learning objectives of the Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy, the course aims to achieve the following specific learning outcomes. Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of the major strands of modern moral philosophy, with particular attention to the universalist tradition and its critiques; understanding of the concepts of subject, universalism, social contract, and genealogy; knowledge of the historical and philosophical contexts of the works of Thomas Hobbes and Michel Foucault. Applying knowledge and understanding (descriptor B): ability to read, understand, and interpret classic texts in moral and political philosophy; ability to analyze philosophical texts critically, reconstructing their arguments and situating them within their historical and philosophical contexts. Making judgments (descriptor C): ability to critically discuss different conceptions of subjectivity, universalism, and conflict, developing independent and well-argued judgments. Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use the technical vocabulary of moral and political philosophy and to present philosophical arguments clearly and effectively. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to pursue further study of moral philosophy through independent reading of primary texts, the use of secondary literature, and the application of methods of philosophical analysis.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding of the discipline; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; ability of critical analysis and of expressing carefully that which has been learned; ability to undertake further studies autonomously), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of knowledge of key notions of Aristotle’s philosophy by means of an analysis of some of his writings; improvement of the capacity of critical reading and of historical-theoretical framing of philosophical texts; mastery of philosophical terminology in oral and written communication; improvement of argumentative skills.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in theoretical and critical perspective; knowledge of the philosophical context of the addressed issues; knowledge of key concepts and terms in theoretical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a theoretical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a theoretical context and to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the covered topics. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Building on the fundamental objectives shared by the Bachelor’s degree in Philosophy, this course is designed to pursue the following specific aims. In terms of knowledge and understanding (Dublin Descriptor A), students will acquire familiarity with a philosophical problem examined in its historical and critical dimensions, together with knowledge of a specific philosophical period and context, with particular attention to the long-term development of the issues addressed, as well as an understanding of key concepts and terminology in their historical perspective. With regard to the application of knowledge (Descriptor B), students will develop the ability to read and interpret classical texts of the discipline and to analyze them from both a historical and critical standpoint. In terms of autonomy of judgment (Descriptor C), they will cultivate the capacity to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context and to argue effectively on the subject under study, also encouraged through active participation. As for communication skills (Descriptor D), students will learn to employ appropriate technical vocabulary and to articulate their arguments clearly on the topics covered. Finally, in relation to learning skills (Descriptor E), they will be able to explore philosophical questions and problems in greater depth, also in a personal and autonomous way, by acquiring suitable methods and conducting bibliographic research.

Educational objectives

In addition to contributing to the achievement of the general learning outcomes of the Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence, this module aims to develop specific competences structured in accordance with the five Dublin Descriptors: (Descriptor A) the acquisition of a solid understanding of the theoretical framework and the main issues in aesthetics, as well as mastery of the fundamental concepts and specialist terminology of the discipline; (Descriptor B) the development of the ability to understand, interpret and critically analyse classic texts in aesthetics, situating them within their theoretical context and examining their content critically; (Descriptor C) the ability to reconstruct and critically evaluate philosophical questions and problems, formulating reasoned judgements and participating informedly in the debate on the topics under study; (descriptor D) acquisition of the ability to use the technical vocabulary of the discipline appropriately and to present the issues addressed with clarity, rigour and logical consistency; (descriptor E) development of autonomy in the study and personal exploration of philosophical issues, through the acquisition of an appropriate research method and the critical identification of relevant bibliography.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: acquisition of key notions and main themes of the philosophy of AI, understanding of the main philosophical questions surrounding AI, mastery of an adequate philosophical vocabulary, development of personal argumentative skills, ability to establish conceptual links between the technological and philosophical fields

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals (knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; communication skills on that which has been learned; capacity to undertake further studies with some autonomy), the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: a) Acquisition of key concepts and core theoretical frameworks in linguistic semantics; b) Development of the ability to historically and theoretically contextualize major issues in contemporary semantic research, particularly in relation to challenges posed by the models implemented in state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence systems; c) Enhancement of reflective, argumentative, and critical thinking skills through collective discussion of the assigned readings; d) Encouragement to pursue individual research paths inspired by the topics addressed during the course or by the reading of texts included in the syllabus.

Educational objectives

Given for granted the acquisition of the general objectives of the three-year degree course in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of processes, concepts and key terms in historical perspective; knowledge of the events that have marked the history of the 20th century, in-depth study of the problematic issues that have questioned historiography, with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to critically interpret the proposed topics, also with reference to the historical, social and political contexts in which they were developed. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into historical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

The course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

The course's final aim is to study the main formal methods for the mathematical and logical reasoning and their applications in Mathematics and Computer Science, and especially in Artificial Intelligence. At the end of the course each student will have the ability to translate statements expressed in natural language into a formal and logical statements and to formalize its semantic. They will also develop a deep knowledge of syntactical and semantical aspects and results of propositional and first order logic.
• Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): the aim of the course is to supply the students to learn the methodologies and and the main notions and knowledge to understand syntactical and semantical aspect of propositional and I order logic. Specifically, the students will develop familiarity with logical reasoning in the main formal systems such as the Sequent Calculus, Resolution and Axiomatic Systems.
• Application skills (descriptor B): Students will learn the necessary skills to employ logical tools, both syntactical and semantical, in several fields such as Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and basic aspects of Mathematics.
• Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): By the study and the analysis of concrete examples of both propositional and first order formalization and of logical deduction, students will get the ability to understand the correctness of solutions e to autonomously verify the correctness of solutions of formal representations of more complex problems.
• Communication skills (descriptor D): The students will acquire the skills necessary to reach the perfect communication abilities and appropriate oral expression employing the formal languages of mathematical logic under several applied aspects related to Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Engineering.
• Learning skills (descriptor E): The course supplies practical tools and theoretical notions to face autonomously new problems related to formalization or logical inference in problem solving in different aspects of Artificial Intelligence related to mathematics or Computer Science.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and Understanding: Students will acquire a comprehensive understanding of the various interpretations of probability. They will be able to articulate the differences between these interpretations and analyze their implications for philosophical and scientific reasoning.

Critical Thinking and Analysis: Students will develop critical thinking skills to evaluate and analyze the axioms of Kolmogorov and their consequences.

Application of Methods and Techniques: Students will learn to apply the concepts of conditional probabilities, Bayes's formula, and Bayesian statistical inference to real-world scenarios. They will be able to solve practical problems involving probabilistic reasoning and decision-making, employing appropriate techniques and methodologies.

Problem Solving and Quantitative Reasoning: Students will develop problem-solving skills in the context of random variables and sequences of random variables (stochastic processes in discrete time). They will be able to apply the weak and strong laws of large numbers and the central limit theorem to analyze and interpret probabilistic phenomena, such as averages and fluctuations.

Communication and Presentation: Students will enhance their communication skills by effectively communicating probabilistic concepts and their philosophical implications. They will be able to present and discuss complex probabilistic ideas using clear and concise language, facilitating meaningful discussions and exchanges of ideas.

These learning objectives will help students develop a strong foundation in probability theory while nurturing critical thinking and analytical skills necessary for philosophical inquiry.

Educational objectives

General goals
Acquiring a solid methodological and practical foundation in data management and the main knowledge representation paradigms in Artificial Intelligence.
Knowledge and understanding
• Remember the historical outlines, evolution, and fundamental concepts related to relational database systems and relational algebra.
• Understand the syntax and semantics of the SQL language and of knowledge representation formalisms based on rules (Datalog, outlines of Answer Set Programming) and based on classes (Description Logics and the OWL language).
• Understand the mathematical and logical correspondence linking SQL queries to first-order logic (FOL) formulas, along with the structural limits of this equivalence.
• Understand the computational operation of basic automatic reasoning algorithms, such as the naive algorithm for computing the minimal model in Datalog.
• Understand the theoretical foundations of the subsymbolic and connectionist approach to AI (perceptron, neural networks, backpropagation mechanism), as well as the elementary principles of embedding of symbolic information (word/token embedding and knowledge graph embedding).
Applying knowledge and understanding
• Apply the rules and constraints of the relational model to design coherent databases, formulating complex SQL queries including inner/outer joins, sorting, aggregation functions, groupings, and nested structures.
• Apply logical formalisms based on rules (Datalog) and axioms based on classes (Description Logics with subclass, subproperty, domain, and range) to structure the knowledge of a specific real-world domain.
• Apply the naive algorithm to determine the minimum model of a Datalog program and perform deductive reasoning steps (consistency, instance checking) via tableau on logical knowledge bases.
• Use (apply) specialized software tools and environments in practical contexts, such as SQL interfaces (SQLfiddle, MySQL) and professional ontology editors (Protégé).
• Create concrete computing solutions through the development and presentation of dedicated practical projects: a SQL database and, alternatively, an OWL ontology or a working Datalog program to solve reasoning problems on a knowledge base.
Making judgements
• Analyze critically the symbolic or subsymbolic nature of different information systems and artificial intelligence applications, distinguishing the methodological boundaries between logical deduction and statistical prediction.
• Evaluate the theoretical and practical impact of different underlying logical assumptions, in particular the epistemological contrast between the Closed World Assumption (CWA) typical of databases/Datalog and the Open World Assumption (OWA) proper to description logics and the Semantic Web.
• Evaluate and compare the actual logical deduction capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by relating them to the accuracy and limits of deterministic automated reasoning engines.
Communication skills
• Understand and express themselves through a rigorous and distinctly interdisciplinary lexicon, fluidly combining technical-computer science precision (syntax, semantics, join, classes) with the correct philosophical-epistemological terminology of AI.
• Create and structure clear and effective technical reports or oral presentations to illustrate modeling choices, data architecture, and logical strategies adopted in the implemented practical projects, addressing both computer science experts and interlocutors from the humanities.
Learning skills
• Understand the evolution and emerging trends in the field of Artificial Intelligence, maturing the mental flexibility needed to move easily from paradigms based on formal logic and rules to statistical-connectionist systems or emerging hybrid models (Neuro-symbolic AI).
• Analyze independently the technical documentation of new database management systems (evolutions of SQL or NoSQL), new logic programming languages, or updates to the ontological standards of the Semantic Web, capitalizing on the methodological and logical-mathematical skills acquired during the course.

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Bachelor in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical and critical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the long-term nature of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms in historical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts from a historical and critical perspective. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (by learning a method, searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the Master in Philosophy, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives: Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): detailed and articulated knowledge of a philosophical problem in a critical perspective; in-depth knowledge of a philosophical period and context with a focus on the topicality of the issues addressed; knowledge of key concepts and terms, even very technical ones, in a theoretical perspective. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and to interpret classic texts of the discipline, also with evaluation of the problems of translation; ability of deep philosophical analysis and of mature and personal theoretical criticism of texts. Autonomy of judgement (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct in detail a philosophical context; ability to argue and gain a personal perspective on the subject in question (also through active participation in seminars). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary, even a very specifical one; ability to argue with property of language on the treated topics. Learning ability (descriptor E): ability to deepen the issues also in a very personal, autonomous and original way (through personal bibliographic research, specific insights etc.).

Educational objectives

Given for granted some basic and indispensable goals commonly shared by the bachelor’s degree program, the course intends to attain the following specific objectives. Knowledge and ability to understand (Dublin descriptor A): knowledge of a philosophical problem in historical perspective; knowledge of a philosophical period and context; knowledge of key concepts and terms. Application skills (descriptor B): ability to understand and interpret classic texts of the discipline; ability to analyze the texts, with particular reference to the analysis of the argumentative structure. Autonomy of judgment (descriptor C): ability to reconstruct a historical-philosophical context; ability to reconstruct and discuss the main arguments provided in the texts; ability to argue the topic under study (also through the stimulus to participate actively). Communication skills (descriptor D): ability to use a technical vocabulary; ability to argue the topics covered. Learning skills (descriptor E): ability to delve into philosophical questions and problems, even in a personal way (e.g., by searching for a reference bibliography, etc.).

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

General goals
Acquiring theoretical, methodological, and practical skills both in quantitative data analysis and in the critical examination of the ethical, legal, and social implications associated with the use of data and Artificial Intelligence.
Knowledge and understanding
Remember and define key concepts related to digital data, Big Data, data quality criteria, and the general characteristics of information systems.
Understand the normative frameworks and reference regulations for data protection and AI governance, with particular attention to the GDPR and the European AI Act.
Understand the methodological foundations of exploratory data analysis (EDA), descriptive and inferential statistics, multivariate and time-series analysis, as well as machine learning and data mining techniques.
Understand the formalisms and techniques aimed at ensuring privacy and information confidentiality, such as managing quasi-identifiers, anonymization, pseudo-anonymization, k-anonymity, and differential privacy.
Understand the origin and nature of bias in data and AI models, notions of algorithmic fairness, and the theoretical foundations of explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable AI (including intrinsically interpretable models, LIME, and SHAP).
Remember and understand issues related to data authenticity, techniques for detecting synthetic media (text, voice, images, video), the Turing test, and the phenomenon of deception (scheming) in LLMs.
Applying knowledge and understanding
Apply exploratory data analysis techniques using graphical visualization tools such as boxplots, scatter plots, and heatmaps to identify relationships and anomalies in data.
Apply privacy protection models and techniques (k-anonymity, differential privacy) to real or simulated datasets.
Apply bias mitigation techniques (in pre-processing, in-processing, and post-processing phases) to improve the fairness and correctness of AI models.
Apply interpretability and explainability methods (XAI), such as LIME and SHAP, to analyze and make explicit the decision-making processes of machine learning models.
Apply techniques to verify the authenticity of text, images, audio files, and videos generated by artificial intelligence tools.
Create and develop an independent practical project that combines quantitative data analysis with solving issues related to privacy, transparency, or algorithmic fairness.
Making judgements
Analyze and evaluate data quality and the structure of information systems, identifying their limitations, methodological risks, and potential setup errors.
Evaluate the ethical and legal compliance of data- and algorithm-based projects with respect to the GDPR and the provisions of the AI Act.
Analyze critically the presence of bias and fairness issues in data and models, evaluating the social and ethical impact of automated decisions.
Evaluate the level of transparency and explainability required for a specific application context, selecting the most appropriate XAI methodologies.
Communication skills
Understand how to clearly express both technical aspects of data analysis and related ethical-regulatory profiles with interdisciplinary rigor.
Create and structure effective technical reports or oral presentations to illustrate the practical project, justifying analytical choices, privacy guarantees, and transparency evaluations using appropriate terminology.
Learning skills
Understand and keep up with the rapid evolution of data science technologies, national and European regulations (GDPR, AI Act), and international ethical guidelines.
Analyze independently the scientific literature and technical documentation regarding new fairness metrics, advanced anonymization methods, and innovative tools for detecting the authenticity of AI-generated data.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.

Educational objectives

Basic and indispensable goals: knowledge and understanding in the field of studies; ability to apply knowledge and understanding; capability of critical analysis; ability to communicate about what has been learned; skills to undertake further studies with some autonomy.