Medicine and Surgery HT

Introduction: Histological techniques: overview of methods in cytology and histology; tissue preparation for microscopic examination; optical instruments for studying cells and tissues. Cytology: Structural organization and function of the eukaryotic cell. Cytoplasm:. Plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic organelles. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Inclusions. Nucleus: Nuclear envelope. Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell division and death. Histology: Histogenesis of the tissues and cell differentiation: molecular mechanisms of regulation. Tissue progenitors and precursors. Adult and embryonal stem cells. Principles and potential applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. - Lining epithelia: Classification criteria. Structural specializations, functions, histogenesis. of cells surface and cell polarity. - Glands. General organization and histogenesis. Stroma and parenchyma. Secretory cells characteristics. Cell polarity. Exocrine and endocrine glands: structure and classification criteria. -Connective tissues: General structure and functions of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells; Embryonic connective tissue. Connective tissue proper (loose and dense). Adipose tissue. Specialized connective tissues. -Blood: plasma, morphology and function of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets).Coagulation process. General information on the mechanisms of immune response. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues. Hemopoiesis. - Cartilage. Histogenesis, general structure, function and morpho-functional relationships among different types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), Mechanisms of nutrition and growth of the cartilage. Perichondrium. -Bone. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis. General structure, function and distribution of compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone. The periosteum and endosteum. Osteogenesis. Bone remodeling. Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Ultrastructural characteristics of the muscle cells. Mechanisms controlling muscle cell contraction. - Nervous tissue: Morphology and structure of neurons, nerve fibers. Synapses. Transmission of the impulse. Myelin sheats formation. Gray matter and white matter. Peripheral nerves. Ganglions. - Neuroglial cells: distribution, embryonal origin, caracteristics and functions. - Structural organization of male and female gonads. The germinal epithelium of the male and female gonads. Seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Ovarian folliculogenesis and ovogenesis. Embryology: Introduction. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Early stages of the embryo development. Segmentation. Morula. Blastocyst and implantation. The embryonic disk. Timing and 3D development of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Ectoderm development. Endoderm development. Mesoderm development. Placenta. Embryo annexes. Morphogenetic mechanisms. Interactions between primitive layers and organogenesis with some examples: nervous central system, circulatory and blood, digestive, respiratory, urogenital. Neural crest derivates. Experimental Embryology: In vitro fertilization. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Interactive Didactic Activity: Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples

Knowledge of Cellular and Molecular Biology

Istologia: ISTOLOGIA di MONESI di S. Adamo (PICCIN) ISTOLOGIA - Dalle basi molecolari alle correlazioni cliniche di A.L. Kierszenbaum (Edra) ISTOLOGIA - Testo Atlante di M. H. Ross, W. Pawlina (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana) ISTOLOGIA Junquiera - Testo e Atlante di A.L. Mescher (PICCIN) Atlante a Colori e Testo di ISTOLOGIA di L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt (PICCIN) Istologia ed Anatomia Microscopica – Wheater (Edra) Embriologia ad Orientamento Medico: Embriologia Umana - Larsen - IV Ediz. (Edra) De Felici M et al.: EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (PICCIN) Moore-Persaud: LO SVILUPPO PRENATALE DELL’UOMO (Edra). T.W. Sadler: EMBRIOLOGIA MEDICA di Langmann (Edra)

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory

Written test: 50 multiple choice questions. Correct answer to at least 30 questions to access the oral exam Oral exam: Questions to verify the results of the written test on topics of histology and embriology To pass the exam the student must obtain a grade of not less than 18/30 in each module. The student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered during the course. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, arguing a linear reasoning with the use of technical terms and using correct linguistic expressions.

Lectures in the classroom and in the laboratory

-Overview about methods in histology; general principles of tissue preparation and staining; light and electron microcopy. -Cell aggregation. the concept of tissue, organ and system. Tissue renewal; stem cells and the kinetics of cell populations. -Epithelial tissues. cell polarity, cytoskeleton, membrane specializations; histogenesis, histological organization and classification of epithelial tissues. Lining epithelia: generalities and histological structure of epidermis, digestive, respiratory, and urogenital epithelia. Glands: histogenesis and structure of major exocrine and endocrine glands (pancreas, liver, prostate, salivary, mammary, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal). -Connective tissues. General structure and functions of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells. -Cartilage. Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. -Bone. Bone architecture and functions. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis . -Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. -Immune system and organs, including the histological structure of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. -Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. -Nervous tissue. Histogenesis, general organization, morphofunctional relationships. Cells of the nervous system. Neuron types and their morphology. Nerve fibers. Synapses. Neuroglia. Peripheral nerve terminals. -Cellular and molecular mechanisms of homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Stem cells and tissue niche. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Introduction: Histological techniques: overview of methods in cytology and histology; tissue preparation for microscopic examination; optical instruments for studying cells and tissues. Cytology: Structural organization and function of the eukaryotic cell. Cytoplasm:. Plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic organelles. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Inclusions. Nucleus: Nuclear envelope. Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell division and death. Histology: Histogenesis of the tissues and cell differentiation: molecular mechanisms of regulation. Tissue progenitors and precursors. Adult and embryonal stem cells. Principles and potential applications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. - Lining epithelia: Classification criteria. Structural specializations, functions, histogenesis. of cells surface and cell polarity. - Glands. General organization and histogenesis. Stroma and parenchyma. Secretory cells characteristics. Cell polarity. Exocrine and endocrine glands: structure and classification criteria. -Connective tissues: General structure and functions of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells; Embryonic connective tissue. Connective tissue proper (loose and dense). Adipose tissue. Specialized connective tissues. -Blood: plasma, morphology and function of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets).Coagulation process. General information on the mechanisms of immune response. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues. Hemopoiesis. - Cartilage. Histogenesis, general structure, function and morpho-functional relationships among different types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), Mechanisms of nutrition and growth of the cartilage. Perichondrium. -Bone. Osteogenesis; bone remodeling and homeostasis. General structure, function and distribution of compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone. The periosteum and endosteum. Osteogenesis. Bone remodeling. Muscle tissues: morphology and functional characteristics of skeletal, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Ultrastructural characteristics of the muscle cells. Mechanisms controlling muscle cell contraction. - Nervous tissue: Morphology and structure of neurons, nerve fibers. Synapses. Transmission of the impulse. Myelin sheats formation. Gray matter and white matter. Peripheral nerves. Ganglions. - Neuroglial cells: distribution, embryonal origin, caracteristics and functions. - Structural organization of male and female gonads. The germinal epithelium of the male and female gonads. Seminiferous epithelium and spermatogenesis. Ovarian folliculogenesis and ovogenesis. Embryology: Introduction. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Early stages of the embryo development. Segmentation. Morula. Blastocyst and implantation. The embryonic disk. Timing and 3D development of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Ectoderm development. Endoderm development. Mesoderm development. Placenta. Embryo annexes. Morphogenetic mechanisms. Interactions between primitive layers and organogenesis with some examples: nervous central system, circulatory and blood, digestive, respiratory, urogenital. Neural crest derivates. Experimental Embryology: In vitro fertilization. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Interactive Didactic Activity: Observation, description and interpretation of histological samples

Knowledge of cell and molecular biology

Istologia: ISTOLOGIA di MONESI (PICCIN) ISTOLOGIA - Testo Atlante di M. H. Ross, W. Pawlina (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana) ISTOLOGIA – Junquiera (PICCIN) Atlante a Colori e Testo di ISTOLOGIA di L.P. Gartner e J.L. Hiatt (PICCIN) Istologia ed Anatomia Microscopica – Wheater (Edra) Embriologia ad Orientamento Medico : De Felici M et al.: EMBRIOLOGIA UMANA (PICCIN) Moore-Persaud: LO SVILUPPO PRENATALE DELL’UOMO (Edra). T.W. Sadler: EMBRIOLOGIA MEDICA di Langmann (Edra)

The course is delivered according to the following teaching methods: classroom lectures / distance learning activities The student can find all the information and details of the course either on the platform or on the website of the integrated histology and embryology course: e-learning: https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=12713

Written test: 50 multiple choice questions. Correct answer to at least 30 questions to access the oral exam Oral exam: Questions to verify the results of the written test on topics of histology and embriology To pass the exam the student must obtain a grade of not less than 18/30 in each module. The student must demonstrate that he has acquired sufficient knowledge of the topics covered during the course. To achieve a score of 30/30 cum laude the student must instead demonstrate that he has acquired excellent knowledge of all the topics covered during the course, arguing a linear reasoning with the use of technical terms and using correct linguistic expressions.

The course is delivered according to the following teaching methods: classroom lectures / distance learning activities The student can find all the information and details of the course either on the platform or on the website of the integrated histology and embryology course: e-learning: https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=12713