Chemical Sciences

Chemical Industry. Historical hints on the chemical industry progress. The great turning points of the modern chemical industry in Europe and USA. Main problems of the modern chemical industry: energy and environmental problems. The development of industrial chemistry from “Commodities” to “Specialties”. Chemical Process. Process development and know how definition. Flow sheets. Patent. Requirements and procedure to patent. Industrial Stoichiometry. Conversion definition. Pass and total conversion. Yield and selectivity. Process thermodynamic and equilibrium composition. T and P effects on the conversion. Chemical process rate. T influence on the reaction rate. Reaction time, contact time and spatial rate. Reaction isotherms and isochrones. Activation of chemical reactions. Material transport. Interface reactions and diffusive phenomena. Mass balance. Stationary state. Recycling. Global and pass balance. Discharge. Catalysis and industrial catalysts. Feature, property, activity and selectivity of catalysts. Homogenous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts: physical and chemical adsorption. Catalyst duration and poisoning. Surface area and porosity measurements. Acid, basic, redox and polyfunctional catalysts and their applications. Processes of inorganic industrial chemistry: i) air fractionation - main processes and plants; ii) ammonia synthesis- catalysts, main processes and reactors for ammonia synthesis; iii) nitric acid synthesis - processes and reactors. Concentration of nitric acid; iv) sulphuric acid synthesis - pyrite and sulphur oxidation - catalytic oxidation of sulphurous anhydride- lead chamber process; v) sodium carbonate process- purification method of brine- solvay process; vi) chloralkali process - mercury, diaphragm and membrane cells- concentration of NaOH solution. Characteristics, distribution, uses and problems of fossil fuels: oil, coal and natural gas. Oil extraction and processing. Desalination and desuplhurization. Topping and vacuum distillation. Obtained fractions and uses. Post-distillation treatments for fuels and lubricants. Thermal cracking termico, Visbreaking, Delayed coking, Catalytic cracking, Hydrocracking, Reforming, Alkylation, Isomerization. Mechanisms, reactors, operating variables, catalysts. Synthetic Gas: industrial importance, uses. Gasification and reforming. Reactors, operating variables. Syngas for ammonia production. Syngas for methanol production. Synthetic fuels. Fischer-Tropsch process. Low Temperature FT and High Temperature FT (reaction parameters, reactors, products distribution). Biomasses: definition, sources and types. First, second, third and fourth biomass generations. Main biomass properties. Biomasses for fuel production. Biomasses and emissions. Carbon debt and payback time.

Chimica Industriale - I. Pasquon – Città Studi. Prinicipi della Chimica Industriale: 2. Catalisi e cinetica applicata alle reazioni dell’industria chimica. Reattori Industriali - G. Natta, I. Pasquon, P. Centola – Città Studi Fondamenti di Chimica Industriale – F. Cavani, G. Centi, M. Di Serio, I. Rossetti, A. Salvini, G. Strukul – Zanichelli. Enciclopedia degli Idrocarburi – Treccani –ENI. Guida allo studio dei processi di raffinazione e petrolchimici - C.Giavarini - Ed. Sci. Siderea. Principi della chimica Industriale - Pasquon, G. Guerreri, G. Natta, G. Pregaglia, P. Centola – Città Studi Edizioni

written exam with the possibility of an oral exam to raise the mark.

traditional lectures

Chemical Industry. Historical hints on the chemical industry progress. The great turning points of the modern chemical industry in Europe and USA. Main problems of the modern chemical industry: energy and environmental problems. The development of industrial chemistry from “Commodities” to “Specialties”. Chemical Process. Process development and know how definition. Flow sheets. Patent. Requirements and procedure to patent. Industrial Stoichiometry. Conversion definition. Pass and total conversion. Yield and selectivity. Process thermodynamic and equilibrium composition. T and P effects on the conversion. Chemical process rate. T influence on the reaction rate. Reaction time, contact time and spatial rate. Reaction isotherms and isochrones. Activation of chemical reactions. Material transport. Interface reactions and diffusive phenomena. Mass balance. Stationary state. Recycling. Global and pass balance. Discharge. Catalysis and industrial catalysts. Feature, property, activity and selectivity of catalysts. Homogenous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts: physical and chemical adsorption. Catalyst duration and poisoning. Surface area and porosity measurements. Acid, basic, redox and polyfunctional catalysts and their applications. Processes of inorganic industrial chemistry: i) air fractionation - main processes and plants; ii) ammonia synthesis- catalysts, main processes and reactors for ammonia synthesis; iii) nitric acid synthesis - processes and reactors. Concentration of nitric acid; iv) sulphuric acid synthesis - pyrite and sulphur oxidation - catalytic oxidation of sulphurous anhydride- lead chamber process; v) sodium carbonate process- purification method of brine- solvay process; vi) chloralkali process - mercury, diaphragm and membrane cells- concentration of NaOH solution. Characteristics, distribution, uses and problems of fossil fuels: oil, coal and natural gas. Oil extraction and processing. Desalination and desuplhurization. Topping and vacuum distillation. Obtained fractions and uses. Post-distillation treatments for fuels and lubricants. Thermal cracking termico, Visbreaking, Delayed coking, Catalytic cracking, Hydrocracking, Reforming, Alkylation, Isomerization. Mechanisms, reactors, operating variables, catalysts. Synthetic Gas: industrial importance, uses. Gasification and reforming. Reactors, operating variables. Syngas for ammonia production. Syngas for methanol production. Synthetic fuels. Fischer-Tropsch process. Low Temperature FT and High Temperature FT (reaction parameters, reactors, products distribution). Biomasses: definition, sources and types. First, second, third and fourth biomass generations. Main biomass properties. Biomasses for fuel production. Biomasses and emissions. Carbon debt and payback time.

Basic knowledge in chemistry and organic chemistry.

Chimica Industriale - I. Pasquon – Città Studi. Prinicipi della Chimica Industriale: 2. Catalisi e cinetica applicata alle reazioni dell’industria chimica. Reattori Industriali - G. Natta, I. Pasquon, P. Centola – Città Studi Fondamenti di Chimica Industriale – F. Cavani, G. Centi, M. Di Serio, I. Rossetti, A. Salvini, G. Strukul – Zanichelli. Enciclopedia degli Idrocarburi – Treccani –ENI. Guida allo studio dei processi di raffinazione e petrolchimici - C.Giavarini - Ed. Sci. Siderea. Principi della chimica Industriale - Pasquon, G. Guerreri, G. Natta, G. Pregaglia, P. Centola – Città Studi Edizioni

The frequency of the course is 6 hours per week.

The evaluation of the acquired knowledge will be carried out through the formulation of questions on the contents of the course program.

Chimica Industriale - I. Pasquon – Città Studi. Prinicipi della Chimica Industriale: 2. Catalisi e cinetica applicata alle reazioni dell’industria chimica. Reattori Industriali - G. Natta, I. Pasquon, P. Centola – Città Studi Fondamenti di Chimica Industriale – F. Cavani, G. Centi, M. Di Serio, I. Rossetti, A. Salvini, G. Strukul – Zanichelli. Enciclopedia degli Idrocarburi – Treccani –ENI. Guida allo studio dei processi di raffinazione e petrolchimici - C.Giavarini - Ed. Sci. Siderea. Principi della chimica Industriale - Pasquon, G. Guerreri, G. Natta, G. Pregaglia, P. Centola – Città Studi Edizioni

Teaching will take place face-to-face in dedicated classrooms equipped with video projection systems.