Environmental Sciences

Section 5. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (13 hours) Aldehydes and ketones Nomenclature, physical properties. Addition reactions: reaction with aluminum hydride, water, alcohols. Addition-elimination reactions: reaction with primary amines. Carboxylic acids and derivatives Nomenclature, physical properties. Reactivity: acid-base reactions. Reaction with water, with alcohols, with ammonia and amines, with LiAlH4. Enols and enolates Keto-enol tautomerism (acid- and base-catalyzed), Aldol condensation-dehydration. Section 6. Aromatic compounds (6 hours) Aromatic compounds Aromaticity. Huckel rule. Aromatic, antiaromatic and non aromatic compounds. Heteroaromatics. Nomenclature. Electrophilic aromatic substitution: mechanism, halogenation. Inductive and mesomeric effects of groups linked to the benzene ring: their ability to modulate the reactivity of the aromatic ring and to orient the position of substitution. Section 7. Carbohydrates and amino acids (5 hours) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: classification and naturally occurrence. Aldoses and ketoses: Fischer and Haworth formulas, conformational representations. Anomers, epimers. Mutarotation. D-glucose, D-fructose, Dribose, D-mannose, D-galactose. Glycosides. Disaccharides: maltose, cellobiose, lactose, saccharose. Polisaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose. Amino acids Structure and chemico-physical properties. Chirality. Acid-base property. Peptide bond. Lipids Triglycerides. Phospholipids. Nucleic Acid RNA. DNA Section 8. Summary and exercises (6 hours)

Students are expected to have basic knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry and in particular of the following fundamental concepts: atomic structure and orbitals, periodic properties of elements, hybridization, resonance, fundamental principles of thermodynamics (free energy, enthalpy, entropy) and kinetics (reaction rate, transition state), chemical equilibrium, acidity and basicity.

Attendance at lectures and tutorials is strongly suggested but is not mandatory.

The acquisition of CFUs for the course requires passing the final exam, held during the exam sessions published on Infostud. The final exam consists of a written test which is preliminary to the oral examination. The written test assesses the student's ability to apply the principles of structure and reactivity of organic compounds to problem-solving. The oral exam evaluates the student's preparation on the entire syllabus, clarity of presentation, and ability to connect and critically reason about the various topics covered in class. There is no maximum limit on the number of exam attempts that can be taken during the academic year.

The course (6 CFU) consists of lectures integrated with tutorials. The lectures take place in classrooms equipped with devices suitable for projecting course slides, available to enrolled students on La Sapienza E-learning platform. The tutorials, provided throughout the course duration, cover all topics addressed during the theoretical lectures and prepare students for the written exam. Various recap sessions are planned in which exercises representative of those administered in the exams are discussed.

Section 5. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (13 hours) Aldehydes and ketones Nomenclature, physical properties. Addition reactions: reaction with aluminum hydride, water, alcohols. Addition-elimination reactions: reaction with primary amines. Carboxylic acids and derivatives Nomenclature, physical properties. Reactivity: acid-base reactions. Reaction with water, with alcohols, with ammonia and amines, with LiAlH4. Enols and enolates Keto-enol tautomerism (acid- and base-catalyzed), Aldol condensation-dehydration. Section 6. Aromatic compounds (6 hours) Aromatic compounds Aromaticity. Huckel rule. Aromatic, antiaromatic and non aromatic compounds. Heteroaromatics. Nomenclature. Electrophilic aromatic substitution: mechanism, halogenation. Inductive and mesomeric effects of groups linked to the benzene ring: their ability to modulate the reactivity of the aromatic ring and to orient the position of substitution. Section 7. Carbohydrates and amino acids (5 hours) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: classification and naturally occurrence. Aldoses and ketoses: Fischer and Haworth formulas, conformational representations. Anomers, epimers. Mutarotation. D-glucose, D-fructose, Dribose, D-mannose, D-galactose. Glycosides. Disaccharides: maltose, cellobiose, lactose, saccharose. Polisaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose. Amino acids Structure and chemico-physical properties. Chirality. Acid-base property. Peptide bond. Lipids Triglycerides. Phospholipids. Nucleic Acid RNA. DNA Section 8. Summary and exercises (6 hours)

Students are expected to have basic knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry and in particular of the following fundamental concepts: atomic structure and orbitals, periodic properties of elements, hybridization, resonance, fundamental principles of thermodynamics (free energy, enthalpy, entropy) and kinetics (reaction rate, transition state), chemical equilibrium, acidity and basicity.

Attendance at lectures and tutorials is strongly suggested but is not mandatory.

The acquisition of CFUs for the course requires passing the final exam, held during the exam sessions published on Infostud. The final exam consists of a written test which is preliminary to the oral examination. The written test assesses the student's ability to apply the principles of structure and reactivity of organic compounds to problem-solving. The oral exam evaluates the student's preparation on the entire syllabus, clarity of presentation, and ability to connect and critically reason about the various topics covered in class. There is no maximum limit on the number of exam attempts that can be taken during the academic year.

The course (6 CFU) consists of lectures integrated with tutorials. The lectures take place in classrooms equipped with devices suitable for projecting course slides, available to enrolled students on La Sapienza E-learning platform. The tutorials, provided throughout the course duration, cover all topics addressed during the theoretical lectures and prepare students for the written exam. Various recap sessions are planned in which exercises representative of those administered in the exams are discussed.

Section 5. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (13 hours) Aldehydes and ketones Nomenclature, physical properties. Addition reactions: reaction with aluminum hydride, water, alcohols. Addition-elimination reactions: reaction with primary amines. Carboxylic acids and derivatives Nomenclature, physical properties. Reactivity: acid-base reactions. Reaction with water, with alcohols, with ammonia and amines, with LiAlH4. Enols and enolates Keto-enol tautomerism (acid- and base-catalyzed), Aldol condensation-dehydration. Section 6. Aromatic compounds (6 hours) Aromatic compounds Aromaticity. Huckel rule. Aromatic, antiaromatic and non aromatic compounds. Heteroaromatics. Nomenclature. Electrophilic aromatic substitution: mechanism, halogenation. Inductive and mesomeric effects of groups linked to the benzene ring: their ability to modulate the reactivity of the aromatic ring and to orient the position of substitution. Section 7. Carbohydrates and amino acids (5 hours) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: classification and naturally occurrence. Aldoses and ketoses: Fischer and Haworth formulas, conformational representations. Anomers, epimers. Mutarotation. D-glucose, D-fructose, Dribose, D-mannose, D-galactose. Glycosides. Disaccharides: maltose, cellobiose, lactose, saccharose. Polisaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose. Amino acids Structure and chemico-physical properties. Chirality. Acid-base property. Peptide bond. Lipids Triglycerides. Phospholipids. Nucleic Acid RNA. DNA Section 8. Summary and exercises (6 hours)

Students are expected to have basic knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry and in particular of the following fundamental concepts: atomic structure and orbitals, periodic properties of elements, hybridization, resonance, fundamental principles of thermodynamics (free energy, enthalpy, entropy) and kinetics (reaction rate, transition state), chemical equilibrium, acidity and basicity.

Attendance at lectures and tutorials is strongly suggested but is not mandatory.

The acquisition of CFUs for the course requires passing the final exam, held during the exam sessions published on Infostud. The final exam consists of a written test which is preliminary to the oral examination. The written test assesses the student's ability to apply the principles of structure and reactivity of organic compounds to problem-solving. The oral exam evaluates the student's preparation on the entire syllabus, clarity of presentation, and ability to connect and critically reason about the various topics covered in class. There is no maximum limit on the number of exam attempts that can be taken during the academic year.

The course (6 CFU) consists of lectures integrated with tutorials. The lectures take place in classrooms equipped with devices suitable for projecting course slides, available to enrolled students on La Sapienza E-learning platform. The tutorials, provided throughout the course duration, cover all topics addressed during the theoretical lectures and prepare students for the written exam. Various recap sessions are planned in which exercises representative of those administered in the exams are discussed.

Section 1. Basic chemistry concepts (4 hours) Electronic configuration of elements and octet rule. Electronic spin, exclusion principle of Pauli and principle of maximum multiplicity. Chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent (homopolar, polar and dative). Polarity of bonds and molecules. Formal charge and oxidation number of atoms in organic compounds. REDOX reactions in organic chemistry. Atomic and molecular orbitals. Hybrid Orbitals sp, sp2, sp3. Definition of acid and base species according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories. Intra- and inter-molecular forces: hydrogen bond and van der Waals bond. Homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage. Heterolysis of carbon bonds: formation of carbocations and carbanions. Homolysis of carbon bonds: formation of free radicals. Section 2. Hydrocarbons (8 hours) Alkanes and cycloalkanes Nomenclature, hybridization, structure, physical properties, structural isomers, conformation (torsional strain, angle strain), hybridization and bond angle (cyclopropane). Newman projections. Haworth projections. Carbon combustion. Alkenes and Alkynes Nomenclature, hybridization, structure, stability, physical properties, geometric isomerism, E-Z rules. Reactivity: addition of HX (X = halogens) [ionic (carbocations: structure, stability)], water, halogens. Section 3. Stereochemistry (4 hours) Fundamentals of stereochemistry Stereoisomers. Chirality. Chiral and stereogenic center. Enantiomers and diastereoisomers. Symmetry elements: center, axis, plane. Enantiomers: nomenclature (Cahn, Ingold, and Prelog priority rules). Optical rotation. Racemates. Specific rotation. Compounds containing more than one chiral center (diastereoisomers and meso isomers). Fischer projections. Section 4. Alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, epoxides and amines (8 hours) Alkyl halides Structure and IUPAC nomenclature, physical properties. Nucleophilic substitution (SN), nucleophilicity and basicity. SN1: mechanism, stereochemistry, ion pairs, factors influencing the SN1 reaction. SN2: mechanism, stereochemistry, factors influencing the SN2 reaction. SN1 vs SN2 (influence of the alkyl group, solvent, and nucleophile). beta-Elimination (E). E1: mechanism, regiochemistry. E2: mechanism, regiochemistry, stereochemistry. E1 vs E2: influence of the alkyl halide, solvent, and base. SN1 vs E1 and SN2 vs E2 Alcohols, Ethers and epoxides Nomenclature, physical properties. Reactivity: acidity, synthesis of esters, alkyl halides. Amines Nomenclature. Reactivity: basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Section 8. Summary and exercises (6 hours)

Students are expected to have basic knowledge of General and Inorganic Chemistry and in particular of the following fundamental concepts: atomic structure and orbitals, periodic properties of elements, hybridization, resonance, fundamental principles of thermodynamics (free energy, enthalpy, entropy) and kinetics (reaction rate, transition state), chemical equilibrium, acidity, and basicity.

B. Botta, CHIMICA ORGANICA ESSENZIALE, Edi-Ermes, 2° Ed. in alternativa: W. H. Brown “Chimica Organica” Ed. Edises 2010 J. Mc Murry “Chimica Organica” 9 Ed. Ed. Piccin 2017

Attendance at lectures and tutorials is strongly suggested but is not mandatory.

The acquisition of CFUs for the course requires passing the final exam, held during the exam sessions published on Infostud. The final exam consists of a written test which is preliminary to the oral examination. The written test assesses the student's ability to apply the principles of structure and reactivity of organic compounds to problem-solving. The oral exam evaluates the student's preparation on the entire syllabus, clarity of presentation, and ability to connect and critically reason about the various topics covered in class. There is no maximum limit on the number of exam attempts that can be taken during the academic year.

The course (6 CFU) consists of lectures integrated with tutorials. The lectures take place in classrooms equipped with devices suitable for projecting course slides, available to enrolled students on La Sapienza E-learning platform. The tutorials, provided throughout the course duration, cover all topics addressed during the theoretical lectures and prepare students for the written exam. Various recap sessions are planned in which exercises representative of those administered in the exams are discussed.