Industrial pharmacy

GENERAL OVERVIEW 5 hours General characteristics of the organization of the human body. General systemic considerations on the apparatuses. The anatomical terminology. General characteristics of bones: classification and terminology. Differences between the male and female skeleton. Skeleton changes with age. General characteristics of the joints. General characteristics of the muscles: classification, terminology, structure and innervation. General considerations on the statics and dynamics of the locomotor system. The muscle chains. General information on the structure of the arteries, veins and capillaries. The functional meaning of the collateral branches, terminal branches, distribution territory, anastomoses and collateral circles: examples and clinical correlations. Overview of the origin, course, territory of distribution of the main arteries and veins. General information on the lymphatic system and on the structure of the lymphatic vessels. Definition of the main lymphatic collectors and the main lymph node stations. Lymphatic organs Head and neck 3 hours General morphological characteristics of the various bones, studying in depth the skull as a whole (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) with particular reference to the endo and exocranial pits. Morphological and functional characteristics of mimic and chewing muscles. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Spine 2 hours General morphological characteristics of the vertebrae and peculiarities of the different vertebral segments. Spinal and ligaments joints Functional anatomy of the spine as a whole General morphological and functional characteristics of the muscles of the vertebral grooves, of the muscles of the back. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Pelvis and muscles of the abdomen 3 hours General morphological characteristics of the pelvis bones. Morphological and functional characteristics of the muscles and bands of the abdomen. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Neck 2 hours Morphological and functional characteristics of the muscles and bands of the neck. Limits and general organization of the main regions of the neck. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Chest 3 hours General morphological features of the ribs, sternum and related costovertebral and sternocostal joints. General morphological and functional characteristics of the chest muscles. Functional anatomy of the rib cage. Notes on the use of the chest muscles in respiratory mechanics. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Upper and lower limb 2 hours General morphological characteristics of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and related joints. Morphological and functional characteristics of the muscles of this region. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered Circulatory system 2 hours General information on the structure of the arteries, veins and capillaries. Defining the functional meaning of the collateral branches, terminal branches, distribution territory, anastomoses and collateral circles: examples and clinical correlations. Heart 2 hours Topography and content of the mediastinum. Morphology, location, orientation, external configuration, pericardium. Internal configuration. Heart and pericardium with reference to the main notions of clinical anatomy. • General circulation Systematic knowledge (i.e. origin, course, main relationships, distribution territory, main collateral branches with relative territory and terminal branches with relative territory) of the main arteries and veins. Lymphatic circulatory system 2 hours Defining the organic composition and structural generalities of the lymphatic vessels. Describing the main lymphatic collectors and the main lymph node stations. The lymphatic organs. Respiratory system 2 hours Morpho-functional references, orientation, position and relationships of the organs of the respiratory system. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Endocrine system 2 hours Morpho-functional references, orientation, position and relationships of the organs of the endocrine system. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Abdomen and Peritoneum 2 hours The wall and the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity Digestive system 3 hours Morpho-functional references, orientation, position and relationships of the organs of the digestive system. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Urinary tract 2 hours Morpho-functional references, orientation, position and relationships of the organs of the urinary system. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Male and female genital system 2 hours The perineum. Morpho-functional references, orientation, position and relationships of the organs of the male and female genital system. Main clinical considerations related to the topics covered. Central nervous system 5 hours General principles of neuroanatomy. General principles of architecture of the central nervous system. Organization of the nervous system. Cytoarchitecture of the nervous system: white and gray substance. General macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics of the spinal cord; encefalic trunk; cerebellum; diencephalon; telenchephalon. Main routes and circuits, with particular attention to the sensitivity routes and the motor routes to the relative control devices. The cranial nerves Peripheral nervous system 2 hours General information on the peripheral nervous system, general characteristics of the nerves, the spinal nerves. Sense organs 2 hours General information on the sense organs, studying in depth the ear and eye.

The student must demonstrate that he has the essential knowledge of the cell and the tissues.

Theoretical lessons

Theoretical lessons

Introduction to Anatomy: an overview of the body (8 hours) Epithelial tissue, structure and connection with the connective tissue; simple and stratified epithelia; exocrine glands; classification and principal locations. Connective tissue, structure and classification; connective tissue proper (loose and dense) and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone: structure of the compact bone (functional unit) and spongy bone. Blood: composition, morphology and function of blood cells. General description of the hematopoiesis. Muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue; structure and function of muscle fibers; neuromuscular junction; general description of muscle contraction. Nervous tissue: morphology and structure of neuron; classification and function of neurons; synapses; myelin sheet; myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; structure of peripheral nerves. Morphology and functions of glial cells. Anatomical terminology: standard anatomical position; anatomical planes; anatomical terms of location and motion. Body cavities; topographic subdivision of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Structure of the solid and empty organs. Locomotor apparatus (8 hours) Organization of the skeleton. Classification and morphology of the bones (long, short, flat bones). Skeleton of the head: neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Vertebral column. Thoracic skeleton. Skeleton of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand. Skeleton of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. General features and classification of joints (synarthrosis and diarthrosis). General organization, structural and functional classification of skeletal muscles. Splanchnology (22 hours) Cardiovascular system: general description. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart, conduction system, fibrous skeleton, cardiac valves, cardiac cycle. Pericardium. Heart location and shape. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Arteries: aorta (origin and course), main collateral and terminal branches. Circle of Willis. Veins: main veins. Venous portal circle. Structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries, sinusoids). Fetal circulation. Lymphatic system: structure and function of lymphatic vessels, circulation of the lymph. Structure and function of bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. Respiratory apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Pleura and mechanism of respiration. Digestive apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, intra- and extra-hepatic biliary system, gall-bladder, exocrine pancreas. Peritoneum. Urinary apparatus: kidney (gross, microscopic and functional anatomy), juxtaglomerular apparatus, urinary tracts (renal calices and pelvis, ureter, bladder, male and female urethra). Kidney vasculature. General description of the male genital apparatus: testicle and spermatogenesis. Spermatic ducts. Annexed glands. General description of the female genital apparatus: ovary and ovogenesis. Uterine tubes. Uterus. Vagina. Menstrual cycle. Neuro-endocrine system (10 hours) General description of the endocrine apparatus. Gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of pituitary gland, epiphysis, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, testicles and ovaries. Nervous system: general principles in neuroanatomy. Neural chains. Anatomy of the nervous system. General and specific sensitivity. General structure of the central nervous system. Spinal cord: gross anatomy and internal structure. Grey and white matter architecture. Spinal cord function. Definition of neuromere, dermatome and myomere. Main sensory and motor pathways. Reflex arc and spinal reflexes. Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain): gross anatomy and internal structure. Cerebellum: outer surface and internal structure; organization and function of the cerebellar cortex. Diencephalon: structure and limits; hypothalamus; thalamus; subthalamus; epithalamus; metathalamus. Telencephalon: outer surface; interhemispheric commissures; capsules; basal nuclei; cerebral cortex. Sensory and motor cortical areas. Components of the limbic system and their functions. Cerebral ventricles (ependymal channel, IV ventricle, III and lateral ventricles) and cerebrospinal fluid. Spinal and brain meninges. Hematoencephalic barrier. Peripheral nervous system: spinal nerves; ganglia; general description of the spinal plexuses. General description of the cranial nerves. Autonomic nervous system: organization and function of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Sensory organs: general description of the anatomy of eye and ear.

A basic knowledge of cell biology and in particular of the functions and working principles of eucaryotic cells is an useful background for the student.

Recommended textbooks Artico, Castano et al: Anatomia Umana-Principi, Ed. EdiErmes Carinci, Gaudio, Marinozzi: Anatomia Umana e Istologia, Ed. Edra Martini, Tallitsch, Nath, Anatomia Umana, Ed. EDISES McKinley et al., Anatomia Umana, Piccin Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Piccin Tortora, Principi di Anatomia Umana, CEA Recommended atlases Vigué-Martìn (volume unico), Ed. Piccin oppure - Prometheus Università, GILROY AM et al: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA, Ed. UTET Scienze Mediche oppure - TILLMAN B.N.: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA UMANA, Ed. Zanichelli oppure - NETTER F.J. (volume unico), Ed. Masson oppure - Tortora G.J.: ATLANTE FOTOGRAFICO DEL CORPO UMANO, Ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana - Farina: Atlante di Anatomia Umana descrittiva, Piccin, 2018

The Human Anatomy course consists of 6 CFU and it is entirely based on lectures. The first lecture (1 CFU) deals with the histology of the human body; afterwards the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various organs and apparatuses of the human body are described. During the lessons slides showing diagrams, gross anatomy dissections, radiological images, CT, magnetic resonance and images obtained by optical and electron microscopy are used. All the lessons are interactive and the teacher stimulates students with questions aimed to highlight the interrelationships between the morphology and function of the various organs of the human body.

Attendance in this course is not mandatory but suggested.

Learning will be tested by an oral exam. The evaluation will take into account the knowledge and skills acquired by the student, the use of a correct anatomical terminology, the diligence shown during the course and the ability to study on his own using as references the textbooks and the notes taken during the lessons. The lack of knowledge in one or more subjects covered by the program will be considered insufficient; in order to pass the exam the student should show a complete knowledge of the subjects covered by the program. The minimum score requested is 18/30. For scores below 18 the student is requested to repeat the test. Aim of the exam is to evaluate the level of knowledge and comprehension reached by the student respect to the goals and purposes of the course.

TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA, ISTOLOGICA, EMBRIOLOGICA Sono disponibili le versioni ufficiali in latino ed in inglese della Terminologia Anatomica (TA), Terminologia Istologica (TH), Terminologia Embriologica (TE). FICAT - Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/

The Human Anatomy course consists of 6 CFU and it is entirely based on lectures. The first lecture (1 CFU) deals with the histology of the human body; afterwards the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various organs and apparatuses of the human body are described. During the lessons slides showing diagrams, gross anatomy dissections, radiological images, CT, magnetic resonance and images obtained by optical and electron microscopy are used. All the lessons are interactive and the teacher stimulates students with questions aimed to highlight the interrelationships between the morphology and function of the various organs of the human body.