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Exam program The cell and its organules (2h). Tissues of the human body and their classification (8h). Blood and its cells. Haemopoiesis. Immunity. Terminology and nomenclature in Human Anatomy (2h). Locomotor System (6h): Bones of the head, trunk and limbs and related joints. Cardiovascular system (6h): Systemic and pulmonary circulation. Heart and its morphology. Arteries and veins of the human body. Lymphatic system (4h): Bone marrow. Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes. Respiratory system and its organs (2h) Lungs: their morphology and functions. Digestive system and its organs (6h). Urinary system in the male and in the female (2h). Reproductive system in the male and in the female (2h). Endocrine system (4h). Central Nervous System (8h). CNS ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Meninges of the CNS. Arteries and veins of the CNS. Peripheral Nervous System and Vegetative system (5h). Sensory organs (5h). Skin and its annexa (2h).

Essential: basic knowledge on structure and function of the human body acquired during the frequency in the high school. Important: to have adequate knowledge of the Italian language, also demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the arguments; also to demonstrate the possess of a good ownership of language and logical order during the examination. Useful: to demonstrate that the knowledge acquired in classroom has been investigated autonomously and effectively, also through the use of texts other than those adopted (available in university libraries) and scientific articles selected through databases (PubMed, Scopus) which may be consulted on Internet.

1)Marco ARTICO: Appunti di Anatomia microscopica, Ed. CISU 2)Marco ARTICO et al.: ANATOMIA UMANA - ELEMENTI. Ed. EDI-ERMES Atlante Consigliato (facoltativo): TILLMAN B.N.: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA UMANA, Ed. Zanichelli oppure Drake R.L., Vogl A.W., Mitchell A.W.M Anatomia del Gray.I fondamenti. Ed. EDRA MASSON

The use of critical thinking will be developped through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology.

frontal lessons performed by audiovisual systems

The evaluation of each student will be based on an oral test (20-30 minutes) which will focus on questions concerning all the topics of the program. The student is required to answer the questions demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the topic, ability to synthesize and illustrate with a correct anatomical terminology the fundamental aspects of the macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the organs of the human body. Communication skills will also be enhanced through a self-assessment test, carried out during the last lesson of the course itself. In this last lesson, in fact, the students who, on a voluntary basis, wish to expose a topic of the program, may do so in the classroom in the presence of the teacher and of the other students attending the course. In this way the teacher, listening to the oral presentation of the topic chosen by the students who voluntarily want to verify their skills in anticipation of the final exam, can correct and advise the students themselves in the presence of their colleagues, highlighting possible errors during exposure. This exhibition will have NO importance for evaluative purposes, but will give the opportunity for avoiding errors and omissions in the study of the topics included in the program. In this way, students who expose the topic, but also those who listen to attend the voluntary exposure of colleagues, may become able to understand and recognize " in progress " defects and faults that may be present in the oral presentation.

The use of critical thinking will be developped through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology.

Introduction to Anatomy: an overview of the body (8 hours) Epithelial tissue, structure and connection with the connective tissue; simple and stratified epithelia; exocrine glands; classification and principal locations. Connective tissue, structure and classification; connective tissue proper (loose and dense) and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone: structure of the compact bone (functional unit) and spongy bone. Blood: composition, morphology and function of blood cells. General description of the hematopoiesis. Muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue; structure and function of muscle fibers; neuromuscular junction; general description of muscle contraction. Nervous tissue: morphology and structure of neuron; classification and function of neurons; synapses; myelin sheet; myelinated and unmyelinated fibers; structure of peripheral nerves. Morphology and functions of glial cells. Anatomical terminology: standard anatomical position; anatomical planes; anatomical terms of location and motion. Body cavities; topographic subdivision of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Structure of the solid and empty organs. Locomotor apparatus (8 hours) Organization of the skeleton. Classification and morphology of the bones (long, short, flat bones). Skeleton of the head: neurocranium and splanchnocranium. Vertebral column. Thoracic skeleton. Skeleton of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand. Skeleton of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. General features and classification of joints (synarthrosis and diarthrosis). General organization, structural and functional classification of skeletal muscles. Splanchnology (22 hours) Cardiovascular system: general description. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart, conduction system, fibrous skeleton, cardiac valves, cardiac cycle. Pericardium. Heart location and shape. Pulmonary and systemic circulation. Arteries: aorta (origin and course), main collateral and terminal branches. Circle of Willis. Veins: main veins. Venous portal circle. Structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries, sinusoids). Fetal circulation. Lymphatic system: structure and function of lymphatic vessels, circulation of the lymph. Structure and function of bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. Respiratory apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Pleura and mechanism of respiration. Digestive apparatus: gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, intra- and extra-hepatic biliary system, gall-bladder, exocrine pancreas. Peritoneum. Urinary apparatus: kidney (gross, microscopic and functional anatomy), juxtaglomerular apparatus, urinary tracts (renal calices and pelvis, ureter, bladder, male and female urethra). Kidney vasculature. General description of the male genital apparatus: testicle and spermatogenesis. Spermatic ducts. Annexed glands. General description of the female genital apparatus: ovary and ovogenesis. Uterine tubes. Uterus. Vagina. Menstrual cycle. Neuro-endocrine system (10 hours) General description of the endocrine apparatus. Gross, microscopic and functional anatomy of pituitary gland, epiphysis, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, testicles and ovaries. Nervous system: general principles in neuroanatomy. Neural chains. Anatomy of the nervous system. General and specific sensitivity. General structure of the central nervous system. Spinal cord: gross anatomy and internal structure. Grey and white matter architecture. Spinal cord function. Definition of neuromere, dermatome and myomere. Main sensory and motor pathways. Reflex arc and spinal reflexes. Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain): gross anatomy and internal structure. Cerebellum: outer surface and internal structure; organization and function of the cerebellar cortex. Diencephalon: structure and limits; hypothalamus; thalamus; subthalamus; epithalamus; metathalamus. Telencephalon: outer surface; interhemispheric commissures; capsules; basal nuclei; cerebral cortex. Sensory and motor cortical areas. Components of the limbic system and their functions. Cerebral ventricles (ependymal channel, IV ventricle, III and lateral ventricles) and cerebrospinal fluid. Spinal and brain meninges. Hematoencephalic barrier. Peripheral nervous system: spinal nerves; ganglia; general description of the spinal plexuses. General description of the cranial nerves. Autonomic nervous system: organization and function of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Sensory organs: general description of the anatomy of eye and ear.

A basic knowledge of cell biology and in particular of the functions and working principles of eucaryotic cells is an useful background for the student.

Recommended textbooks Artico, Castano et al: Anatomia Umana-Principi, Ed. EdiErmes Carinci, Gaudio, Marinozzi: Anatomia Umana e Istologia, Ed. Edra Martini, Tallitsch, Nath, Anatomia Umana, Ed. EDISES McKinley et al., Anatomia Umana, Piccin Saladin, Anatomia Umana, Piccin Tortora, Principi di Anatomia Umana, CEA Recommended atlases Vigué-Martìn (volume unico), Ed. Piccin oppure - Prometheus Università, GILROY AM et al: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA, Ed. UTET Scienze Mediche oppure - TILLMAN B.N.: ATLANTE DI ANATOMIA UMANA, Ed. Zanichelli oppure - NETTER F.J. (volume unico), Ed. Masson oppure - Tortora G.J.: ATLANTE FOTOGRAFICO DEL CORPO UMANO, Ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana - Farina: Atlante di Anatomia Umana descrittiva, Piccin, 2018

The Human Anatomy course consists of 6 CFU and it is entirely based on lectures. The first lecture (1 CFU) deals with the histology of the human body; afterwards the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various organs and apparatuses of the human body are described. During the lessons slides showing diagrams, gross anatomy dissections, radiological images, CT, magnetic resonance and images obtained by optical and electron microscopy are used. All the lessons are interactive and the teacher stimulates students with questions aimed to highlight the interrelationships between the morphology and function of the various organs of the human body.

Attendance in this course is not mandatory but suggested.

Learning will be tested by an oral exam. The evaluation will take into account the knowledge and skills acquired by the student, the use of a correct anatomical terminology, the diligence shown during the course and the ability to study on his own using as references the textbooks and the notes taken during the lessons. The lack of knowledge in one or more subjects covered by the program will be considered insufficient; in order to pass the exam the student should show a complete knowledge of the subjects covered by the program. The minimum score requested is 18/30. For scores below 18 the student is requested to repeat the test. Aim of the exam is to evaluate the level of knowledge and comprehension reached by the student respect to the goals and purposes of the course.

TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA, ISTOLOGICA, EMBRIOLOGICA Sono disponibili le versioni ufficiali in latino ed in inglese della Terminologia Anatomica (TA), Terminologia Istologica (TH), Terminologia Embriologica (TE). FICAT - Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/

The Human Anatomy course consists of 6 CFU and it is entirely based on lectures. The first lecture (1 CFU) deals with the histology of the human body; afterwards the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various organs and apparatuses of the human body are described. During the lessons slides showing diagrams, gross anatomy dissections, radiological images, CT, magnetic resonance and images obtained by optical and electron microscopy are used. All the lessons are interactive and the teacher stimulates students with questions aimed to highlight the interrelationships between the morphology and function of the various organs of the human body.