HUMAN ANATOMY

Course objectives

General expected learning outcomes The general aim of the course is to provide students with basic knowledge of the morphology of the human body that will be necessary for the study of Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology. At the end of the course students acquire an adequate knowledge of the anatomical nomenclature and terminology, as well as of the morphology, anatomical relationships and general organization of the different organs, apparatuses and systems of the human body. Specific expected learning outcomes 1. Knowledge and understanding The student will be able to identify and describe location and morphology of the organs of each system/apparatus of the human body. The student will be able to understand the terms and the names of common use in the anatomical language and will know how to link the above-mentioned terms and names to the right morpho-functional context. 2. Applying knowledge and understanding At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize and distinguish the different organs in the human body and be able to clearly attribute to them those macroscopic, microscopic and functional characteristics that distinguish the anatomical structures as they have been illustrated during the course of Human Anatomy. The anatomical relationships, the external morphology and the relationships between structure and function will be identified by the student at the end of the course basing on the acquisition of the method learned during the lessons, through the systematic examination of the characteristics of the human organs implemented by the teacher during the course itself. 3. Making judgements The use of critical thinking will be developed through classroom discussions during face-to-face (frontal) and interactive lessons. The ability to reason on the exposed themes will also be enhanced through the discussion of morpho-functional aspects characteristic of the different systems and apparatuses of the human body. Thus, students will develop solid anatomical bases useful for the future study of disciplines such as Physiology, Pharmacology and General Pathology. 4. Communication skills The evaluation of each student will be based on an oral test which will focus on questions concerning all the topics of the program. The student is required to answer the questions demonstrating clarity in the exposition of the topic, ability to synthesize and illustrate with a correct anatomical terminology the fundamental aspects of the macroscopic, microscopic and functional anatomy of the organs of the human body. 5. Learning skills The student will find an in-depth description of the human body in the recommended textbooks. The recommended textbooks will remain as a fundamental reference point of the student, together with the notes get during the lessons, and they will continue to be considered a precious tool in the perspective of future other courses in the student’s academic path.

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RITA BUSINARO Lecturers' profile

Program - Frequency - Exams

Course program
The course aims at providing the basic elements of microscopic and gross anatomy to correlate structure and function in order to be able to analyze and discuss clinical problems Upon completion of the course the student will have acquired: 1) the ability to identify the relation between the structure and function of the various organs and the relation among the different biological processes underlying the homeostatic processes 2) the basic medical terminology necessary for the professional skills. Course program Organization of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell: structure and function of biological membranes; cell-cell interactions; the cytoskeleton and cell movements; cytoplasmic organelles: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes; the cell nucleus, chromosomes, chromatin, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. Epithelia, endocrine and exocrine glands , connective tissue, cartilage tissue, bone tissue, blood, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue: neurons, nerve fibers and synapses, glial cells Skeletal system Bone classification. Neurocranium and splanchnocranium, vertebral column, rib cage, scapular belt, arm, forearm and hand, pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. The joints: classification of synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis. Morphology and function of the main joints of the trunk and limbs. Muscular system Various types of muscles. Mimic and skeletal muscles. Insertion and function of the main muscle groups of the trunk and limbs. Circulatory system The heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins). Systemic and pulmonary circulation. Pericardium Macroscopic description of the heart Internal conformation of the atria and ventricles. The valves of the heart. The conduction system. The main arteries: pulmonary artery and aorta. The branches of the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta. Microscopic organization of the artery wall. The main veins: the system of the superior vena cava, of the inferior vena cava, of the veins of the heart and of the portal vein. Microscopic organization of the vein wall. Capillary structure. Notes on fetal circulation and role of the placenta. Lymphatic circulatory system Lymph formation and lymphatic vessels. The thoracic duct and its tributaries. Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes. Digestive system Oral cavity The major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular and sublingual.Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach. Small and large intestine. Structural organization of the alimentary canal wall (mucous, submucous, muscular, adventitious and serous layer). Liver and biliary tract; pancreas.Peritoneum. Respiratory system Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. Larynx. Tracheobronchial tree. Lungs. Structural organization of the wall of the airways and lungs. Pleura Urinary tract The kidney: macroscopic description, the nephron. The excretory ways of the kidney: calyxes, pelvis , ureter, bladder and urethra. Structural organization of the wall of the urinary tract. Genital system The male genital system: the testicle and the spermatic pathways. The female system: the ovary, tube, uterus and vagina. Endocrine system  The pituitary. The epiphysis. The thyroid. The parathyroid glands. The adrenal glands. The endocrine activity of the gonads. The Langherhans islands. Central nervous system Notes on the development of the central nervous system . Meninges. Cerebral ventricles. Liquor Blood-brain barrier Main methods of study on nerve centers and nerve pathways. The spinal cord: general characteristics, structure, Rexed laminae, ascending and descending fiber systems. Brain stem. The cerebellum. Midbrain: the cerebral peduncles and the quadrigeminal lamina. Diencephalon: the epitalamus, the metatalamus, the optic thalamus, the hypothalamus. Telencephalon: fissures, lobes, convolutions and areas of the cerebral hemispheres. The gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere: the cerebral cortex and the striated body. The white matter of the cerebral hemisphere: the radial crown and the internal capsule. The corpus callosum, the fornix, the pellucid septum. The pyramidal pathway. The extrapyramidal fibers. General sensitivity. Eye. Ear. Peripheral nervous system: Spinal nerves and cranial nerves. Visceral nervous system The orthosympathetic and parasympathetic system. Enteric nervous system.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of cell biology
Books
Martini Tallitsch Nath Anatomia umana EdiSes editore Gilroy Anatomia in tasca EdiSes editore Gartner, Hiatt Atlante di Istologia Piccin Editore
Frequency
No attendance required
Exam mode
Oral exam oral exam aimed at evaluating the knowledge of gross human anatomy as well as microscopic anatomy
Lesson mode
frontal lessons with audio-visual aids, anatomical models, etc
  • Lesson code1035933
  • Academic year2024/2025
  • CourseIndustrial pharmacy
  • CurriculumSingle curriculum
  • Year1st year
  • Semester2nd semester
  • SSDBIO/16
  • CFU6
  • Subject areaDiscipline biologiche