GENERAL AND MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY WITH MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Course objectives

General expected learning outcomes The General and Molecular Pathology with Medical Terminology course is an essential component of the Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology degree program, as it contributes to its educational objectives. This course is designed to equip students with knowledge about the biological basis of pathological manifestations, as well as a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of major organ systems. Specifically, the course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the primary pathogenetic mechanisms that cause homeostatic imbalances and the onset of diseases. The goal the course is to enable students to gain a thorough understanding of various pathological phenomena and the targets of the principal pharmacological treatments. In addition, the course aims to help students develop the necessary scientific language skills characterized by medical terminology to enrich the student's formative background and provide access to expected professional outlets. Specific expected learning outcomes 1. Knowledge and understanding By the end of the course, the student will have acquired theoretical knowledge related to cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of the major human disorders and an appropriate medical and scientific terminology. In addition, the student will have understood the biological processes allowing to the clinical manifestations of the diseases, the targets of the main therapeutic treatments, and the rational basis of the precision medicine. 2. Applying knowledge and understanding At the end of the course, the student will be able to recognize specific cellular and molecular events underlying different disease processes and identify the main therapeutic targets for these. In addition, the student will possess the skills to link the course content with what he/she has already learned in previous classes and apply the acquired knowledge in scientific and healthcare environments. 3. Making judgements The active support of the teacher in the classroom will foster and stimulate the student into using a scientifically based methodological approach in both study and future research activities, as well as the ability to make judgments about literature data to be ready to make decisions concerning future professional responsibilities. 4. Communication skills The student should be able to effectively communicate information, ideas, problems, and solutions to specialized audiences regarding the molecular mechanisms of cellular damage, neoplastic transformation, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases. Furthermore, it is essential for the student to have a strong grasp of specific medical and scientific terminology and to be able to use it appropriately, particularly in the context of the pharmacy profession. 5. Learning skills The student will be able to integrate the topics covered in the course by consulting the bibliographic materials provided by the teacher and update knowledge and professional skills by consulting specific databases suggested during the class. At the end of the course, the student will have acquired a helpful educational background to undertake more advanced studies, such as those oriented to in-depth professional studies by attending postgraduate courses, graduate schools, PhDs, and joining mobility programs with foreign countries.

Channel 1
DONATELLA PONTI Lecturers' profile
ROBERTO RIZZI Lecturers' profile

Program - Frequency - Exams

Course program
The concept of illness: the disease as an alteration of the normal state; the disease as a modification of the homeostasis of the organism; the disease as a loss of health. Morbid state. Syndrome. Etiology: the concept of "cause" in pathology. Pathogenesis. General Etiology. Causes of chemical nature (environmental pollutants). Physical causes (high and low temperatures, atmospheric pressure variations). Nutrition as a cause of disease. Cellular response to damage. Reversibility and irreversibility of cellular lesions. Cellular adaptive responses to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia) as well as to tissue hypoxia. Autophagy and its role in physiological and pathological conditions. Aging. Regressive processes. Diseases based on intra- (steatosis, glycogenosis) and extracellular (amyloidosis) accumulation of biological material. Accumulation of endogenous pigments. Cell Death. Necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis and other types of cell death: morphological aspects, molecular mechanisms. Cellular damage assessment with serum-enzymatic techniques. Inflammation and Repair. Innate immunity and acute inflammatory reaction: tissue, vascular, cellular and molecular aspects, systemic manifestations (leukocytosis, acute response, fever, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, septic shock). Chronic inflammation: role of macrophages and lymphocytes, type 1 and 2 polarization responses by macrophages, granulomas. The healing of tissue injuries: tissue, cellular and molecular aspects. Repair processes, fibrogenesis, fibrosis and pathological aspects of tissue injury and repair. General Oncology. The concept of neoplasia. Clinical and genetic classification of benign and malignant tumors. Nomenclature. Cancer atypia. Tumor markers. Natural tumor history: silent status (cancer dormancy), angiogenesis, infiltrative growth, metastasis, tumor microenvironment. Metastatic pathways, organotropism of metastases. Immune response and tumors. Chemical causes of tumors, experimental carcinogenesis, multiphasic carcinogenesis, concept of tumor progression. Physical causes of tumors: ionizing and exciting radiations, DNA and RNA oncogenic virus. Cell proto-oncogenes, oncosuppressor genes. Regulation of normal and neoplastic proliferation. Genes that control the progression in cell cycle and senescence. Genome instability. Cancer cachexia and paraneoplastic syndromes. Epigenetic mechanisms in tumors. TNM Classification and tumor specific grading. Elements of general pathophysiology. Liver pathophysiology: jaundice, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Blood pathophysiology: anemia (post-hemorrhagic, hemolytic, by reduced erythropoiesis), hemostasis and hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombosis, intravascular disseminated coagulation. Diabetes. Atherosclerosis.
Prerequisites
Students must possess adequate knowledge of anatomy, histology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiology.
Books
Choice-based literature on the latest biotechnological applications Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia Generale, Testo fondato da G.M. Pontieri, Tomo 1 (Dicembre 2018) e Tomo 2 (Maggio 2019), VI Edizione a cura di F. Mainiero, R. Misasi, M. Sorice.
Frequency
Mandatory attendance
Exam mode
At the end of the course, the student: will be able to explain the concepts of health, disease, homeostasis, aetiology, pathogenesis, diseases induced by intrinsic and extrinsic causes; will know the main disease classification criteria; will know how to describe the elementary pathogenic mechanisms (adaptative responses, cell damage and death) that occur at the level of cells and tissues leading eventually to various diseases; will be able to explain the main mechanisms in response to injury, with a focus on inflammatory and healing processes; will know the leading causes of tumors and related pathogenic mechanisms; will understand the consequences of environmental causes of disease, such as nutrition disorders, exposure to radiation, high and low temperatures and pressures; will know and comprehend major aspects related to liver and blood pathophysiology as well as of relevant pathological conditions like diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Lesson mode
The teaching consists of 80 hours of frontal lectures, providing students with materials related to the topics covered
  • Lesson code10611094
  • Academic year2024/2025
  • CourseIndustrial pharmacy
  • CurriculumSingle curriculum
  • Year3rd year
  • Semester1st semester
  • SSDMED/04
  • CFU7
  • Subject areaDiscipline Mediche