Medicine and Surgery

1. Logic of cardiovascular discovery: from patient to hypothesis and quantitative synthesis 2. Real-world scenarios: 2.1. Differential diagnosis in cardiovascular disease 2.2. Risk prediction in cardiovascular disease 2.3. Therapeutic choice in cardiovascular disease

A thorough working knowledge of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology is a necessary prerequisite to maximize the learning yield of the course on cardiovascular disease. In addition, basic notions of medical statistics and biomedical research methodology are essential.

• Biondi Zoccai G. Malattie Cardiovascolari: Approccio clinico e scientifico. Minerva Medica, 2021. • Camm AJ, Lüscher TF, Maurer G, Serruys PW, The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Oxford University Press; 2018. • Forister JG, Blessing JD. Introduction to Research and Medical Literature for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2015. • Fuster V, Harrington R, Narula J, Eapen Z. Hurst's the Heart. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017. • Griffin BP, Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine. LWW; 2018 • Livingston EH, Lewis RJ. JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods. McGraw-Hill Education; 2019. • Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier, 2018.

The course is based on traditional frontal lectures, with oral presentations and additional support via Powerpoint, or remotely using the Google Classroom platform. Additional supporting materials are available on Youtube (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2oTNMfSiUjCym7i_6_ZS4A/videos).

Participation to the course is mandatory, with presence check through direct call or signature.

Final exam is based on a written test (multiple choice question with single exact answer) and/or oral exam.

• Agoritsas T, Merglen A, Shah ND, O'Donnell M, Guyatt GH. Adjusted Analyses in Studies Addressing Therapy and Harm: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature. JAMA. 2017 Feb 21;317(7):748-759. • Alba AC, Agoritsas T, Walsh M, Hanna S, Iorio A, Devereaux PJ, McGinn T, Guyatt G. Discrimination and Calibration of Clinical Prediction Models: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature. JAMA. 2017 Oct 10;318(14):1377-1384. • Barratt A, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Cumming RG, Raffle A, Hicks N, Gray JA, Guyatt GH. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999 Jun 2;281(21):2029-34. • Boutron I, Tubach F, Giraudeau B, Ravaud P. Methodological differences in clinical trials evaluating nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments of hip and knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. 2003 Aug 27;290(8):1062-70. • Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA. Users' guides to the medical literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results. A. How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1999 Aug 25;282(8):771-8. • Fan E, Laupacis A, Pronovost PJ, Guyatt GH, Needham DM. How to use an article about quality improvement. JAMA. 2010 Nov 24;304(20):2279-87. • Giacomini MK, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care B. What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jul 26;284(4):478-82. • Giacomini MK, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jul 19;284(3):357-62. • Guyatt GH, Haynes RB, Jaeschke RZ, Cook DJ, Green L, Naylor CD, Wilson MC, Richardson WS. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXV. Evidence-based medicine: principles for applying the Users' Guides to patient care. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Sep 13;284(10):1290-6. • Guyatt GH, Sinclair J, Cook DJ, Glasziou P. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVI. How to use a treatment recommendation. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group and the Cochrane Applicability Methods Working Group. JAMA. 1999 May 19;281(19):1836-43. • Hunt DL, Jaeschke R, McKibbon KA. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXI. Using electronic health information resources in evidence-based practice. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Apr 12;283(14):1875-9. • Liu Y, Chen PC, Krause J, Peng L. How to Read Articles That Use Machine Learning: Users' Guides to the Medical Literature. JAMA. 2019 Nov 12;322(18):1806-1816. • McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Wells GA, Sackett DL. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XIX. Applying clinical trial results B. Guidelines for determining whether a drug is exerting (more than) a class effect. JAMA. 1999 Oct 13;282(14):1371-7. • McAlister FA, Straus SE, Guyatt GH, Haynes RB. Users' guides to the medical literature: XX. Integrating research evidence with the care of the individual patient. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jun 7;283(21):2829-36. • McGinn TG, Guyatt GH, Wyer PC, Naylor CD, Stiell IG, Richardson WS. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXII: how to use articles about clinical decision rules. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Jul 5;284(1):79-84. • Mills EJ, Ioannidis JP, Thorlund K, Schünemann HJ, Puhan MA, Guyatt GH. How to use an article reporting a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012 Sep 26;308(12):1246-53. • Mulla SM, Scott IA, Jackevicius CA, You JJ, Guyatt GH. How to use a noninferiority trial: users' guides to the medical literature. JAMA. 2012 Dec 26;308(24):2605-11. • Murad MH, Montori VM, Ioannidis JP, Jaeschke R, Devereaux PJ, Prasad K, Neumann I, Carrasco-Labra A, Agoritsas T, Hatala R, Meade MO, Wyer P, Cook DJ, Guyatt G. How to read a systematic review and meta-analysis and apply the results to patient care: users' guides to the medical literature. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):171-9. • Randolph AG, Haynes RB, Wyatt JC, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XVIII. How to use an article evaluating the clinical impact of a computer-based clinical decision support system. JAMA. 1999 Jul 7;282(1):67-74. • Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Williams JW Jr, Moyer VA, Naylor CD. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIV. How to use an article on the clinical manifestations of disease. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):869-75.

The course is based on traditional frontal lectures, with oral presentations and additional support via Powerpoint, or remotely using the Google Classroom platform. Additional supporting materials are available on Youtube (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2oTNMfSiUjCym7i_6_ZS4A/videos).