Medicine and Surgery

Clinical reasoning, diagnostic methodology, and differential diagnosis. Patient-oriented and not disease-oriented approach. Patient- and family-doctor relation and communication skills. Prognosis and end-stage disease. Management of cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases and heart failure, primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. Approach to the patient with acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Management of drug therapy in Diabetic patients. Approach to the patient with gastro-enterological diseases. Internal medicine-relevant endocrinology, hematology, and oncology diseases. Presentation of diverse case records that occurred in the Internal Medicine ward or taken from the literature.

Knowledge of organ-specific diseases and pharmacology.

Harrison's Internal Medicine. 20ma edizione. Guidelines for hearth failure, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, diabetes, and COPD Slide presentations are available on the platform.

Mandatory

Interactive discussion of a case-record, with particular reference to guidelines-based therapy.

Evidence-based medicine and guidelines. Appropriateness of prescribing lab tests, instrumental, and imaging studies. Hypertension, guidelines for classification and therapy. Cardiomyopathies. Heart failure. Acute pulmonary edema. Endocarditis. Pericarditis. Shock. Arterial thromboembolism: atrial fibrillation (rhythm and thromboembolism features); atherosclerosis of the aortic arch and neck-head arteries (TIA and stroke); aortic aneurysms; peripheral artery disease. Venous thromboembolism. Dyslipidemia. Thrombophilia. Antithrombosis therapy (antiplatelet agents, heparins, oral anticoagulants, fibrinolytic drugs). Diabetes. Acute and chronic gastric diseases. GERD. Inflammatory bowel diseases. Chronic liver diseases. Cirrhosis and its complications. Pancreatitis. Pneumonitis. COPD. Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Sarcoidosis. Tuberculosis. Paraneoplastic syndrome. Acute and chronic kidney failure. Pyelonephritis. Acid-base disorders. Thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction. Adrenal gland dysfunctions. Electrolytes disorders. Autoimmune and rheumatic diseases (classification, presentation, and diagnostic approach). Vasculitis. Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome. Skin manifestations of systemic diseases. Presentation and clinical approach to the patient presenting with diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, upper GI bleeding, lower GI bleeding, biliary colic, icterus, kidney colic, peripheral edema, dyspnea, thoracic pain, syncope, headache, focal neurological symptoms, delirium, back pain, FUO.

The student must have sufficient confidence in physical examination, pathophysiology and must be able to navigate with laboratory tests and other diagnostic tools.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill Medical Goldman-Cecil Medicine, Elsevier Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2018, McGraw-Hill Medical Bates' Guide to physical examination and history taking, Wolters Kluver Current guidelines

Frontal lessons, i.e. traditional lesson with the teacher teaching the whole class.

The response to three questions will result in a score of 1-10 each. A minimum score of 6 in each question is necessary to pass the exam. The resulting final score must be higher than 18/30, up to 30/30. In case of excellence in the global evaluation, the score will be 30/30 cum laude.

Frontal lessons, i.e. traditional lesson with the teacher teaching the whole class.