Medicine and Surgery

Cell Physiology and Biophysics - What physiology studies. Concept of homeostasis. Body fluids. - The cell as a basic unit: electrical parameters of the cell membrane and equivalent circuits; resting potential; action potential. - Voltage-dependent ion channels. - Biophysical methods for studying membrane electrical events. - Neurotransmitters - Electrical synapses: structure and function. - Chemical synapses. Spontaneous and evoked transmitter release. Synaptic potential; spatial and temporal summation. The neuromuscular junction. - Membrane receptors: Families of ionotropic receptors: structural similarities and functional peculiarities. - Metabotropic receptor families: structural similarities and functional diversity. - Second messenger systems and signal transduction. Synaptic activity and cognitive and mnemonic processes. - Muscle Physiology The muscle: structure and function of the various types of muscle. - The contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. - Blood cell physiology The general functions of blood. - The constituents of blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Hemostasis. - Ortho- and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. Respiratory and cardiovascular centers - Physiology of the heart and blood circulation Laws of fluid mechanics applied to blood circulation. Blood pressure and peripheral resistance. The heart: physiological aspects of the myocardium; the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and venous return. Myocardial excitation and impulse conduction; mechanisms of nerve control. - The electrocardiogram. - Microcirculation and lymphatic system: Exchanges between blood and tissues. - Control of blood flow and blood pressure. Methods of blood pressure measurement.

Having completed the exams required by the degree program. It is recommended that the human anatomy exam be taken beforehand.

Medical Physiology Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology Boron and Boulpalep Medical Physiology Berne and Levy

Compatibly with the epidemiological situation, it will take place in the classroom, in attendance.

Attendance is mandatory and must be certified by signature; attendance is required for at least 66% of the lessons.

The student will be assessed through questions related to the program covered (three to five questions). Answers will be considered adequate if the student can demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the functioning of the cells, tissues and organs described in this part of the course, and an understanding of their functional regulation for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis.

Traditional in-class lecture. At the end of the lessons, a multiple-choice self-assessment test will be administered and reviewed in class with the instructor.

Cardiovascular functions from a clinical point of view; Clinical significance of electrocardiography; Coronary circulation

Knowledge of anatomy and biochemistry

Suggested textbooks: One of the following, according to student's preference WF Boron, EL Boulpaep: Medical Physiology. Elsevier 2017. ISBN: 978-0323427968 OR BM Koeppen, BA Stanton: Berne & Levy Physiology. Mosby Elsevier 2010. ISBN: 978-0-323-07362-2 OR JH Hall: Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1-4160-44574-8 OR DU Silverthorn: Human Physiology. 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN: 978-0321750006

mandatory

Evaluation methods: Oral exam-ongoing exam (together with Physiology 2). Examples of typical questions are listed in the course page on the e-learning platform (https://elearning2.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=2135)

frontal lectures in presence

Grassi: Electrical parameters of cell membrane and circuitry; resting membrane potential; action potential. Biophysical methods to study electrical membrane events. - Voltage-dependent ion channels. Electrical synapses: structure and functions. Chemical synapses: structure and functions. Neurotransmitter release. Synaptic potential, spatial and temporal summation. Families of ionotropic receptors: structure and function. Families of metabotropic receptors: structure and main functional mechanisms. Synaptic activity and plasticity. Limatola: Muscle Physiology. Structure and function of skeletal muscle. Tension-length curves. Motor units. Isometric and isotonic contraction. –The contraction of skeletal muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms. - The neuromuscular junction – Muscle energetics. – Fatigue and muscle strain.- Unitary and multiunit smooth muscle: structure and function. Length tension curves. Muscle plasticity. –Cardiac muscle: active and passive tension; pre- and post-load. Contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.

For a good understanding of the topics considered in this course, students should have adequately studied the subjects of the following exams: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Histology, Anatomy.

Suggested textbooks: One of the following, according to student's preference WF Boron, EL Boulpaep: Medical Physiology. Elsevier 2017. ISBN: 978-0323427968 OR BM Koeppen, BA Stanton: Berne & Levy Physiology. Mosby Elsevier 2010. ISBN: 978-0-323-07362-2 OR JH Hall: Guyton and Hall Medical Physiology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1-4160-44574-8 OR DU Silverthorn: Human Physiology. 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN: 978-0321750006

mandatory

Evaluation methods: A unique exam for Physiology I and II takes place in the form of an interview, in which students are evaluated based on their ability in: describing physiological processes; relating different processes; using an adequate language. In detail, during the exam the Students will be asked to describe and discuss, also drafting of pertinent graphs, aspects of the physiology of neuronal and muscle cells; of the integrated functioning of the nervous and muscular systems, of the cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems. The requirements for achieving the maximum score (30/30 with honors) are: Fully exhaustive answers to the questions posed - Critical vision of the interactions between the various physiological mechanisms - Excellent presentation skills with reference to the terminology and logical structure of the topics covered. Examples of typical questions are listed in the course page on the e-learning platform (https://elearning.uniroma1.it/course/view.php?id=2135) At the end of the 1st semester, enrolled students can take an exemptive test with the same modalities as above