Mechanical Engineering

Introduction to electronics A brief history of electronics. Evolution of electronic devices. Levels of integration. Representation of signals in the time and frequency domains. The Fourier transform. Signal classification and related circuits: analog and digital circuits. Sampling and quantization. Block diagram of an analog- to-digital converter. Conventions of electrical parameters. Foundations of circuit theory Ohm's Law. Kirchhoff's laws. Thevenin’s theorem. Norton’s theorem. Theorem of superposition. Voltage divider rule. Current divider rule. Controlled sources. Characterization of two-port networks Linear two-port network. Representation by y parameters. Representation by z parameters. Representation by h parameters. Representation by g parameters. Representation by equivalent circuits. Single-time-constant networks Frequency response of a circuit. Bode diagrams. Evaluation of the time constant. Frequency response of single-time-constant (STC) circuits. Classification of STC networks. Step response and impulse response of STC networks. Fundamentals of amplifiers Introduction to signal amplification. Circuit symbols of amplifiers. Transfer characteristic. Voltage gain. Current gain. Power gain. Expression of gain in decibels. Power supply of amplifiers. Saturation of amplifiers. Non-linear transfer characteristic and biasing: rest point. Circuit models of amplifiers: voltage amplifiers, current amplifiers, transconductance amplifiers, transresistance amplifiers. Cascaded amplifiers. Frequency response of amplifiers and related characterization. Diodes Introduction to the physics of semiconductors: materials for electronics, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, doped semiconductors of p-type and n-type, majority and minority charge carriers, donors and acceptors. Diffusion current and drift current. pn junction in open-circuit, in forward and in reverse bias conditions. The ideal diode. The real diode: i-v characteristic. Graphical analysis of circuits with diodes. Piecewise linear model. Constant voltage model. Small signal model. Operation in breakdown region: zener diodes. Voltage regulator with zener diodes. Block diagram of a DC power supply. Half-wave rectifier. Full-wave rectifier. Bridge rectifier. Rectifier with a filter capacitor. Half-wave and full-wave peak rectifiers. Limiting circuits. Clamping circuits. Voltage doubler. Operational amplifiers Ideal operational amplifier. Virtual ground. Introduction to feedback. Inverting configuration with infinite and finite differential gain. A variant for obtaining independent Ri and Av in the inverting configuration. Non-inverting configuration with infinite and finite differential gain. Unit gain voltage follower. Common-mode rejection ratio. Difference amplifiers: a single-op-amp difference amplifier and the instrumentation amplifier. Basic circuits with operational amplifiers: Miller integrator, differentiator, inverting and non-inverting weighted summer amplifier, summing and subtracting amplifier. Internal model of a real operational amplifier and related non-idealities. DC imperfections: offset voltage, input bias and offset currents. Effects of Vos and Ios on the operation of the inverting integrator. Frequency dependence of the open-loop gain, frequency response of closed-loop amplifiers, bandwidth limitation and feedback effects on bandwidth. Large-signal operation of op amps: output voltage saturation, output current limits, slew rate, full-power bandwidth. Diagram of a commercial operational amplifier (741). Positive feedback: multivibrators and function generators Inverting and non-inverting bistable multivibrator (Smith trigger). Comparator with hysteresis using a Smith trigger. Zero-crossing detector. Astable multivibrator: square and triangle wave generator. Monostable multivibrator: pulse generator with controlled duration. Field-effect transistors (MOSFET) Classification of field-effect transistors (FET). Device structure and physical operation of the p-channel enhancement (PMOS) and n-channel enhancement (NMOS) MOSFET transistor. Circuit symbols. Current-voltage characteristics. Finite value of the output resistance in saturation. Complementary MOS technology (CMOS). Body effect. MOSFET circuits at DC. MOSFET transistor used as amplifier and switch: load line and bias point, graphical and analytical determination of the transfer characteristic. Biasing of MOSFET amplifiers: biasing by fixing VGS, biasing by fixing VG and resistance RS, biasing using a drain-to-gate feedback resistor, biasing using a constant-current source. Using a MOSFET transistor as amplifier: DC bias point, transconductance gm, voltage gain. Small signals models of a MOSFET transistor: pigreco-hybrid and T models (with and without output resistance ro). Configurations of single-stage MOSFET amplifiers: common-source amplifier, common-source amplifier with source resistor, common-gate amplifier, common-drain or source follower amplifier. Unit gain amplifier or current follower. Difference among configurations. Common-source amplifier with active load. CMOS common-source amplifier. Current mirror using MOSFET transistors. Digital circuits Digital technologies and logic families, ideal inverter, real inverter: definition of logical levels, noise margins, dynamic response of a logic gate, rise times and fall times, propagation delay, power-delay product, fan-in and fan-out. Basic logic gates and related truth tables, basic logic gates using ideal switches, equivalence among logic gates by De Morgan theorems. Canonical forms of Boolean functions. Expression of a logic function as product of minterms. Exclusive-OR. Digital circuits based on CMOS technology CMOS technology process. CMOS inverter: static operation, transfer characteristic, dynamic operation. Current and dissipated power in the CMOS inverter. Block diagram of a three-input CMOS logic gate. Alternative circuit symbols of MOSFET transistors. NOR and NAND logic gates based on CMOS technology: design and dimensioning. Design of the exclusive-OR function. Laboratory activities on course topics

Basic knowledge of the Italian language, thorough knowledge of methods for the analysis of electrical networks and analytical and synthetic reasoning skills.

Sedra Smith, Circuiti per la microelettronica, EdiSES, 2019 or Sedra Smith, Circuiti per la microelettronica, EdiSES, 2012 or Sedra Smith, Microelectronic circuits – 7th ed., Oxford Press Inc., New York, 2015 or Sedra Smith, Microelectronic circuits – 6th ed., Oxford Press Inc., New York, 2010

Applied Electronics course is held through classroom lectures with support of projections of teaching material and explanations with the help of the blackboard on the course topics reported in the teaching program. Theory of each subject is explained by the teacher, and followed with examples and exercises which are carried out in the classroom by the teacher, and/or assigned for individual study as homework. In the final part of the course two Laboratory sessions are held (8 hours) in the laboratory with equipped benches and electronic micro-controllers that allow students, organized in small groups, to carry out projects of applied electronics to verify the acquisition of the course concepts. The Course has a site on the Sapienza Moodle e-learning platform through which students can have access to teaching material prepared by the teacher, to course information and to a communication Forum. The Course is made of face to face lessons, individual study of the theory, strengthen by the execution of numerical exercises and electronic projects. - Course attendance: optional but strongly recommended. - Course delivery: lectures, exercises and laboratory. - Use of Sapienza e-learning platform for distribution of teaching material and Forum.

Classroom attendance is optional but strongly recommended.

The evaluation is aimed at verifying the learning outcomes achieved by the student, consisting in the analysis and use of the main electronic devices to be used for the implementation and design of elementary electronic circuits. The assessment is based on a written test and its discussion with a possible oral exam. The written test, which lasts 1.5 hours, includes: - an electronic design test based on devices and analysis methodologies learned during the course (maximum score 14/30); - two open-ended theory questions on topics dealt during the course(maximum score 8/30 per question). The written tests are corrected by the teacher who assigns a mark in a scale of thirty to the written tests and communicates them to the students on the course website summoning the students for the discussion of the written test and the taking of a possible oral exam. To pass the written test, it is requested to reach at least 15/30, demonstrating an adequate preparation both in electronic design and in theory. The discussion of the written test involves the analysis of the paper with the student who can accept the written test mark if greater than or equal to 18/30, or take an oral test (which can either improve or worsen the mark of the written test). In the event that the result of the written test is between 15/30 and 18/30, the student must necessarily take the oral exam. 5 regular and 2 extra exam sessions, the latter dedicated to out of time, part-time or repeating students, are foreseen, according to the calendar drawn up each year by the Mechanical Engineering Area Council. The autumn extra session is opened also to third-year students.

Jaeger Blalock, “Microelettronica”, McGraw-Hill. Lessons slides on e-learning Sapienza course site. Lessons notes.

Applied Electronics course is held through classroom lectures with support of projections of teaching material and explanations with the help of the blackboard on the course topics reported in the teaching program. Theory of each subject is explained by the teacher, and followed with examples and exercises which are carried out in the classroom by the teacher, and/or assigned for individual study as homework. In the final part of the course two Laboratory sessions are held (8 hours) in the laboratory with equipped benches and electronic micro-controllers that allow students, organized in small groups, to carry out projects of applied electronics to verify the acquisition of the course concepts. The Course has a site on the Sapienza Moodle e-learning platform through which students can have access to teaching material prepared by the teacher, to course information and to a communication Forum. The Course is made of face to face lessons, individual study of the theory, strengthen by the execution of numerical exercises and electronic projects. - Course attendance: optional but strongly recommended. - Course delivery: lectures, exercises and laboratory. - Use of Sapienza e-learning platform for distribution of teaching material and Forum.