Medicine and Surgery

To Define the basic concepts of pathophysiology (concept of health and disease, etiology and pathogenesis). To Understand the principles of the molecular pathology of nucleic acids, proteins, sugars and lipids. To Know the general principles of free radical pathologies. Understanding the mechanisms of cell damage (reversible and irreversible), and cell death (apoptosis and necrosis). To Know the etiopathogenesis of the main storage diseases, lysosomal and extracellular matrix, as well as the regressive processes of the extracellular matrix: beta-fibrillosis, collagen pathologies, fibrosis .. Know the pathologies of cellular organelles, in particular of mitochondria and lysosomes. Knowing how to illustrate the quality control processes of proteins and the mechanisms of autophagy. Knowing how to illustrate the systemic processes of acute inflammation Understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of fever and hyperthermia states, and those of hypothermia and frostbite in relation to thermoregulation mechanisms and their possible alterations Understand and describe the pathogenetic processes of chronic inflammation Know the cytological characteristics of chronic inflammation and describe the pathogenetic mechanisms typical of granulomatous inflammations Know and describe the processes of repair, tissue regeneration and fibrosis Know the definition of neoplasm and the general characteristics of neoplastic development. Define the concept of carcinogenesis (chemical, physical and biological), cocancerogenesis and syncancerogenesis. Know the epidemiology, nomenclature and classification of tumors Understanding the fundamental aspects of cell metabolism neoplastic. Know the activation mechanism and action of the main oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Know the main hereditary substrate tumors Know the mechanism of action of hormones related to the carcinogenesis process (with particular reference to breast and prostate cancer). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cell invasiveness cancer and the process of metastasis. Know the cytological basis for the "grading" of neoplasms. Know the criteria for cancer staging. Know the biological basis of cancer therapy. Correlate the causes and mechanisms of edema and ascites formation. Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of shock. Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause the alterations acid-base balance of metabolic and respiratory origin and plasma osmolarity alterations. Indicate the pathophysiological mechanisms of hyper- and hypo-potassium and illustrate their biological and clinical consequences. Indicate the pathophysiological components in the genesis of arterial hypertension and in the production of the consequent damage to target organs. Indicate the molecular basis of hyperlipoproteinemia and diabetes and illustrate the pathophysiological mechanisms of the resulting organ damage. Differentiate hemorrhagic manifestations from alterations in platelet functions and the coagulation cascade on the basis of pathophysiology. Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to thromboembolic phenomena. Explain in depth the general pathophysiology of diabetes. List and illustrate the molecular and cellular factors involved in atherogenesis. List the most common biochemical, cellular and molecular analyzes used in the diagnosis of diseases due to gene mutations. List the most common non-hereditary congenital diseases. Indicate the most frequent quantitative and qualitative anomalies found in the red blood cells: anemia. To illustrate the concepts of homeostasis, functional reserve and decompensation. Illustrate the pathophysiological substrates of exertional angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction. Indicate the possible etiologies and describe the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. Describe the etiology and pathophysiology of chronic cor pulmonale. Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. Classify jaundice in relation to etiopathogenesis by correlating them with the pathophysiological basis. Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of portal hypertension. Describe the etiopathogenesis and symptoms of liver cirrhosis on a pathophysiological basis. Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of acute and chronic hepatitis Frame the pathophysiological characteristics of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Know the physiopathological aspects of adult respiratory stress syndrome. Describe generalities and physiopathological pictures in relation to the pathogenesis of: atelectasis, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, lung abscess, acute bronchitis, bronchiectasis, COPD and emphysema. Indicate the pathophysiology of congenital and acquired coagulopathies Know the classification of acute and chronic leukemias and lymphomas. Know and describe the physiopathological mechanisms of the main ones endocrinopathies with particular regard to pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas (Diabetes mellitus). Illustrate the pathophysiological role of the kidney in the regulation of phosphocalcic metabolism, hydroelectrolytic exchange and acid-base balance. Knowing how to classify kidney diseases on a pathophysiological basis. Describe the possible causes of acute and chronic renal failure, providing pathophysiological information. Know the physiopathological basis of neurodegenerative diseases and demyelinating diseases. Describe the general classification of neoplasms of the central nervous system. Describe the etiopathogenetic and clinical features of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes.

All the basic exams of the first year and the basic knowledge of physiology

Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia Generale G.M. Pontieri Mainiero-Misasi-Sorice VI Edizione PICCIN

Classroom lessons, laboratory activities, flipped classroom, journal club

In presence in the classroom. At least 67% mandatory

The assessment of this learning is assessed through exam tests, which are articulated, as well as in the traditional oral or written exam methods, also in a sequence of ongoing tests (self-assessment tests and intermediate interviews), useful for verifying the acquired knowledge . Regarding the written tests, the tools used are multiple choice tests. It also offers the possibility (optional) to participate in projects for the presentation of a topic of General Pathology

Classroom lessons, laboratory activities, flipped classroom, journal club

The written exam includes forty multiple choice questions, of which only one will be the correct answer. The oral exam will be supported only by the sudent who have passed the written test, it will be necessary to have answered correctly at least 24 questions, to get 18/30 to access the oral exam.