Medicine and Surgery HT

The training course carried out through frontal teaching is divided into eighteen lessons of two hours each, emphasizing the basic aspects of the architecture of the organs and systems of the human body. Furthermore, three practical, voluntary, small group activities with the digital anatomical table are considered and an APP for recognizing organs under the microscope. Contents 1. Cavities and walls of the body. Imaging. 2. Lymphatic system I: lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs I (macro and micro). Lymph nodes (macro), groups and classification. Imaging. 3. Lymphatic system II: lymphoid organs II (macro and micro). Lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Imaging. MALT concept. Tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix. Imaging. 4. Respiratory system I (macro and micro): external nose, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx. Larynx (general information, cartilage, wall, vocal cords). Trachea. Imaging. 5. Respiratory system II: general information on the lungs. Concepts of lobe, lobule and lung segment. Pleurae. Bronchial tree, bronchioles (wall), alveoli, pneumocytes I and II, surfactant, alveolar macrophages, interalveolar septa, blood-air barrier. Imaging. 6. Digestive system I (macro and micro): General information about the oral cavity (mouth, palate, tongue, teeth). Isthmus of the fauces, oropharynx, pharynx (wall, muscles), retropharyngeal space. Major and minor salivary glands. 7. Anatomical table 1: lymphatic system, thoracic cavity, and app. respiratory (clinical cases and microscopic anatomy) 8. Digestive system II (macro and micro): Esophagus, esophago-gastric junction, stomach. Imaging. 9. Digestive system III (macro and micro): Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). Concepts of valve, plica, villus, striatum/microvilli and glycocalyx. Imaging. Exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic acinus concept (adenomere cells and duct system). 10. IV digestive system (macro and micro): Large intestine (caecum, ileocecal orifice, appendix, colon segments, rectum, anus, sphincters). Imaging. 11. Topographic and clinical anatomy of the abdominopelvic cavity. Gender differences and imaging. 12. Digestive system V (macro and micro): Liver (vascularization; concepts of hepatic lobule and acinus; hepatocytes). Intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder. Imaging. 13. Urinary system I (macro and micro): Vascularization of the kidney. Concepts of renal lobe and lobule. Nephron (renal corpuscle and tubular system). Renal interstitium; app. juxtaglomerular (intra- and extraglomerular). Aging and imaging. 14. Anatomical table 2: digestive system (clinical cases and microscopic anatomy) 15. Urinary system II (macro and micro): Urinary tract. Minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urothelium, urethra. Gender differences and imaging. 16. Female genital apparatus I (macro and micro): Ovary; ovarian follicle and folliculogenesis. Ovarian cycle. Granulosa cells, theca cells, zona pellucida. Corpus luteum, corpus albicans, interstitial gland. 17. Female genital tract II (macro and micro): Female genital tract. Uterine tube, uterus, uterine cycle. Uterine cervix (endocervix, exocervix, T-zone, screening), vagina, vulva. Imaging. 18. Integumentary system: Skin and skin appendages. Mammary gland (macro and micro); terminal ductular lobular unit (TDLU) as a morpho-functional unit. Gender differences and imaging. 19. Male genital apparatus I (macro and micro): Scrotum, spermatic cord, testis and morpho-functional compartments (seminiferous tubules, peritubule, interstitium). Germ cells, Sertoli cells, testicular interstitial cells (Leydig). 20. Male genital apparatus II (macro and micro): Intra- and extratesticular spermatic ducts. Related glands: prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands. Male urethra. Penis. Imaging. 21. Anatomical table 3: abdominopelvic cavity; urinary and genital systems (clinical cases and microscopic anatomy). 22. Practical activity with optical microscopes (to be marked as a Professionalising Activity in the booklet): recognition of organs under the microscope.

Clearly the Anatomy 1 exam must have been passed. It is also very important to have knowledge of histology and master the anatomical terminology (taught in Anatomy 1).

General Anatomy: G. ANASTASI et al. Anatomia Umana (4 volumes), EdiErmes. Macroscopic Anatomy Atlases: -M. SCHŰNKE et al. Anatomia Umana. Based on Prometheus, 3 volumes (Semeiotica, Neuroscienze, Fisiopatologia). EdiSES. -G. ANASTASI et al. Atlante di Anatomia Umana. 4 volumes. EdiErmes. -M. LOUKAS et al. Atlante Fotografico di Dissezione. Edra. Microscopic Anatomy: G. FAMILIARI. Anatomia Microscopica. Piccin. Software: Acland’s Videoatlas of Human Anatomy. Wolters Kluwer. http://aclandanatomy.com/

The lessons are held in person, with a minimum attendance requirement of 67% to be admitted to the exam. Attendance is verified with a signature sheet given at the beginning of each lesson.

The Anatomy exam is oral. Both teachers who gave the lessons take part to the exams. The questions are recorded in a report which also contains the questions and the related grade of Anatomy 1 carried out in the previous semester. Students bring the same report for Anatomy 3. Booking for the exam is made online via Moodle in the weeks before the exam.

The bibliography relating to each chapter is renewed according to the latest scientific publications in this regard. Among the most respected scientific journals are, for example, New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, British Medical Journal, Clinical Anatomy.

The lessons are held in person, in Italian, from October 2025 to December 2025, twice a week, on Mondays and Tuesdays, in blocks of two hours each (from 8 am to 10 am) in the “Pasquale Pasquini” classroom” (ground floor Zoology CU008, Building PR1L016), Viale dell'Università, 32 (the security opens the room). The practical activities with the digital anatomical table take place in the skill lab "Advanced Medical Simulation and Training Laboratory" at the ground floor of the Obstetric Clinic building of the Umberto I Polyclinic.