Biology

undamental concepts and principles of Comparative Anatomy Definition of the discipline, method and object of study. Form, function, evolution. Structural plan of Vertebrates. Plans and axes of the body. Biological similarity: homology and analogy. Adaptation. Convergence. Principles of phylogenetic systematics. Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups. Systematics, diversity of Vertebrates and their evolutionary history The Chordates, characteristics and phylogeny. Cranioti and Vertebrates. "Agnatha" and Gnathostomata. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes. The first tetrapods. The current amphibians. Amniotes. Chelonians. Diapsida: Lepidosaurus and Arcosaurs and the origin of the Birds. The Synapsids and the origin of the Mammals. ORGANIC SYSTEMS IN VERTEBRATED Tegumentary system General features and functions. The color of the tegument. The tegument of the fish. Glands and luminous skin organs (photophores). The dermal bone scales (placoids, cosmoids, ganoids, cycloids and ctenoids) and their evolution. The tegument of the Tetrapods. Non-mammalian tetrapod glands. Mammalian glands: sebaceous, sweat, merocrine and apocrine, mammary. Horn structures of ectodermal origin: scales and plates, feathers, hairs. The evolution of feathers. Other specializations of the tegument: nails, claws and hooves; horns and antlers; baleen. Skeletal system The subdivision of the skeleton of the skull. Skeleton of the skull: endoskeletal and dermal components and their embryonic derivation. Chondrocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium. The skull in the course of the phylogeny of Vertebrates. The skull of the Agnates. Gnatostomes and the appearance of the mandibular arch. Types of suspension of the mandibular arch. The skull of the Condritti. The skull of the Attinopterygii, from the Paleoniscoidea to the Teleostei. The skull of the primitive Coanates and Tetrapods. The skull of the current amphibians. Evolution of temporal windows in Amniotes. The skull of the current "Reptiles" (Cheloni, Lepidosauri). The skull of the Arcosauri and the current Birds. The kinetic skulls. The skull of the Synapsids and evolution of the skull of the Mammals; evolution of the articulation of the mandible. Derivatives of the hyoid arch and gill arches. Axial skeleton: notochord and vertebral column. Morphology and evolution of the vertebrae. Ribbed and sternum. The unequal fins of the "Pisces" and evolution of the caudal fin. The vertebral column of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Regionalization of the spine. Skeleton of the appendages: the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. The even fins of the "Pisces". The limbs of the tetrapods and their origin. Plan of the chiropterigio. Modifications of the limb in the main adaptations to terrestrial, arboreal, air, aquatic environments. Nervous system Generalities and functions. Neurons and neuroglia cells. Notes on the development and organization of the Vertebrate nervous system: Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System and Autonomous Nervous System. The four functional groups of neurons. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Cranial nerves of Gnatostomes (Condritti). The branchiomers and innervation of the musculature of the head (Condritti). The encephalo of the Condritti and its subdivisions. Main trends in brain evolution. Meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid. Sensory organs The different types of receptors. Olfactory organs. Mechanoreceptors. Lateral line system. Ear and its functions: static balance and perception of sound. Evolution of the ear in Vertebrates: inner, middle and external ear. Elettrocettores. Photoreceptors: the median eye and the eyes. Origin, development and structural plan of the eye. Adaptations in aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Digestive System Function and organization. The different regions of the food channel. Mechanisms for food intake in Vertebrates. The mouth and the oral cavity; the palate; the tongue; salivary glands. The pharynx. The teeth: origin and structure, the teeth in the "Pisces" and in the non-Mammal Tetrapods. Heterodontia and mastication in Mammals. Respiratory System Functions of the respiratory system. Breathing and ventilation. The gills of the "Agnati", of the Condritti, of the Actinopterygii. The ventilation in the "fish". Respiratory organs accessories. Evolution of the gaseous bladder. Form and function of the swim bladder. The external gills. Evolution of the lungs and ventilation mechanisms in the Tetrapods. Skin respiration. Lungs and ventilation in birds. Circulatory system Functions of the circulatory system. Components of the cardiovascular system: blood, heart, blood vessels. Simple circulation and double circulation. Arterial system: aortic arches. Evolution of aortic arches in "Pisces", Dipnoi, Amphibians and Amniotes. The evolution of the heart in the various classes of vertebrates: the heart in the "Pisces", Amphibians, crocodiles, Mammals, Birds. Topics of the exercises (optional) Macroscopic examination and dissection of Vertebrates Examination of osteological findings of Vertebrates Visit the Museum of Comparative Anatomy

General Zoology

Stingo et al. Anatomia Comparata 2016 Liem et al. Anatomia Comparata 2004 Kardong et al. Antomia Comparata dei vertebrati 2005

non-compulsory attendance

The test consists of multiple choice tests on all the topics of the course, followed by an oral interview in which the candidate answers questions regarding two different topics. The objective of the test is to evaluate knowledge of the topics in the program which must be presented with the appropriate language skills.

N.A.

The course includes lectures and supplementary didactic activities. Through the lectures students learn the fundamental knowledge of the discipline, namely the systematics and evolution of vertebrates and the Comparative Anatomy of various systems. The supplementary didactic activities integrate this knowledge. In fact, during the observation and dissection of a vertebrate the students appreciate and learn the integration of the various systems in determining the various functions; moreover, the direct observation of the morphology of a skull provides knowledge on its three-dimensionality, information lost almost completely in textbooks.

Fundamental concepts and principles of Comparative Anatomy Definition of the discipline, method and object of study. Form, function, evolution. Structural plan of Vertebrates. Plans and axes of the body. Biological similarity: homology and analogy. Adaptation. Convergence. Principles of phylogenetic systematics. Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups. Systematics, diversity of Vertebrates and their evolutionary history The Chordates, characteristics and phylogeny. Cranioti and Vertebrates. "Agnatha" and Gnathostomata. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes. The first tetrapods. The current amphibians. Amniotes. Chelonians. Diapsida: Lepidosaurus and Arcosaurs and the origin of the Birds. The Synapsids and the origin of the Mammals. ORGANIC SYSTEMS IN VERTEBRATED Tegumentary system General features and functions. The color of the tegument. The tegument of the fish. Glands and luminous skin organs (photophores). The dermal bone scales (placoids, cosmoids, ganoids, cycloids and ctenoids) and their evolution. The tegument of the Tetrapods. Non-mammalian tetrapod glands. Mammalian glands: sebaceous, sweat, merocrine and apocrine, mammary. Horn structures of ectodermal origin: scales and plates, feathers, hairs. The evolution of feathers. Other specializations of the tegument: nails, claws and hooves; horns and antlers; baleen. Skeletal system The subdivision of the skeleton of the skull. Skeleton of the skull: endoskeletal and dermal components and their embryonic derivation. Chondrocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium. The skull in the course of the phylogeny of Vertebrates. The skull of the Agnates. Gnatostomes and the appearance of the mandibular arch. Types of suspension of the mandibular arch. The skull of the Condritti. The skull of the Attinopterygii, from the Paleoniscoidea to the Teleostei. The skull of the primitive Coanates and Tetrapods. The skull of the current amphibians. Evolution of temporal windows in Amniotes. The skull of the current "Reptiles" (Cheloni, Lepidosauri). The skull of the Arcosauri and the current Birds. The kinetic skulls. The skull of the Synapsids and evolution of the skull of the Mammals; evolution of the articulation of the mandible. Derivatives of the hyoid arch and gill arches. Axial skeleton: notochord and vertebral column. Morphology and evolution of the vertebrae. Ribbed and sternum. The unequal fins of the "Pisces" and evolution of the caudal fin. The vertebral column of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Regionalization of the spine. Skeleton of the appendages: the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. The even fins of the "Pisces". The limbs of the tetrapods and their origin. Plan of the chiropterigio. Modifications of the limb in the main adaptations to terrestrial, arboreal, air, aquatic environments. Nervous system Generalities and functions. Neurons and neuroglia cells. Notes on the development and organization of the Vertebrate nervous system: Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System and Autonomous Nervous System. The four functional groups of neurons. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Cranial nerves of Gnatostomes (Condritti). The branchiomers and innervation of the musculature of the head (Condritti). The encephalo of the Condritti and its subdivisions. Main trends in brain evolution. Meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid. Sensory organs The different types of receptors. Olfactory organs. Mechanoreceptors. Lateral line system. Ear and its functions: static balance and perception of sound. Evolution of the ear in Vertebrates: inner, middle and external ear. Elettrocettores. Photoreceptors: the median eye and the eyes. Origin, development and structural plan of the eye. Adaptations in aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Digestive System Function and organization. The different regions of the food channel. Mechanisms for food intake in Vertebrates. The mouth and the oral cavity; the palate; the tongue; salivary glands. The pharynx. The teeth: origin and structure, the teeth in the "Pisces" and in the non-Mammal Tetrapods. Heterodontia and mastication in Mammals. Respiratory System Functions of the respiratory system. Breathing and ventilation. The gills of the "Agnati", of the Condritti, of the Actinopterygii. The ventilation in the "fish". Respiratory organs accessories. Evolution of the gaseous bladder. Form and function of the swim bladder. The external gills. Evolution of the lungs and ventilation mechanisms in the Tetrapods. Skin respiration. Lungs and ventilation in birds. Circulatory system Functions of the circulatory system. Components of the cardiovascular system: blood, heart, blood vessels. Simple circulation and double circulation. Arterial system: aortic arches. Evolution of aortic arches in "Pisces", Dipnoi, Amphibians and Amniotes. The evolution of the heart in the various classes of vertebrates: the heart in the "Pisces", Amphibians, crocodiles, Mammals, Birds. Topics of the exercises (optional) Macroscopic examination and dissection of Vertebrates Examination of osteological findings of Vertebrates Visit the Museum of Comparative Anatomy

Preparatory exam: Biologia cellulare e Istologia

Stingo et al. Anatomia Comparata 2016 Liem et al. Anatomia Comparata 2004 Kardong et al. Antomia Comparata dei vertebrati 2005

The course includes lectures and supplementary didactic activities. Through the lectures students learn the fundamental knowledge of the discipline, namely the systematics and evolution of vertebrates and the Comparative Anatomy of various systems. The supplementary didactic activities integrate this knowledge. In fact, during the observation and dissection of a vertebrate the students appreciate and learn the integration of the various systems in determining the various functions; moreover, the direct observation of the morphology of a skull provides knowledge on its three-dimensionality, information lost almost completely in textbooks.

Elective

The test consists of an oral interview and/or a written test. The objective of the test is to evaluate the knowledge of the topics in the program that must be presented with the appropriate language properties. Multiple choice test in the case of test.

NA

The course includes lectures and supplementary didactic activities. Through the lectures students learn the fundamental knowledge of the discipline, namely the systematics and evolution of vertebrates and the Comparative Anatomy of various systems. The supplementary didactic activities integrate this knowledge. In fact, during the observation and dissection of a vertebrate the students appreciate and learn the integration of the various systems in determining the various functions; moreover, the direct observation of the morphology of a skull provides knowledge on its three-dimensionality, information lost almost completely in textbooks.

undamental concepts and principles of Comparative Anatomy Definition of the discipline, method and object of study. Form, function, evolution. Structural plan of Vertebrates. Plans and axes of the body. Biological similarity: homology and analogy. Adaptation. Convergence. Principles of phylogenetic systematics. Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups. Systematics, diversity of Vertebrates and their evolutionary history The Chordates, characteristics and phylogeny. Cranioti and Vertebrates. "Agnatha" and Gnathostomata. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes. The first tetrapods. The current amphibians. Amniotes. Chelonians. Diapsida: Lepidosaurus and Arcosaurs and the origin of the Birds. The Synapsids and the origin of the Mammals. ORGANIC SYSTEMS IN VERTEBRATED Tegumentary system General features and functions. The color of the tegument. The tegument of the fish. Glands and luminous skin organs (photophores). The dermal bone scales (placoids, cosmoids, ganoids, cycloids and ctenoids) and their evolution. The tegument of the Tetrapods. Non-mammalian tetrapod glands. Mammalian glands: sebaceous, sweat, merocrine and apocrine, mammary. Horn structures of ectodermal origin: scales and plates, feathers, hairs. The evolution of feathers. Other specializations of the tegument: nails, claws and hooves; horns and antlers; baleen. Skeletal system The subdivision of the skeleton of the skull. Skeleton of the skull: endoskeletal and dermal components and their embryonic derivation. Chondrocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium. The skull in the course of the phylogeny of Vertebrates. The skull of the Agnates. Gnatostomes and the appearance of the mandibular arch. Types of suspension of the mandibular arch. The skull of the Condritti. The skull of the Attinopterygii, from the Paleoniscoidea to the Teleostei. The skull of the primitive Coanates and Tetrapods. The skull of the current amphibians. Evolution of temporal windows in Amniotes. The skull of the current "Reptiles" (Cheloni, Lepidosauri). The skull of the Arcosauri and the current Birds. The kinetic skulls. The skull of the Synapsids and evolution of the skull of the Mammals; evolution of the articulation of the mandible. Derivatives of the hyoid arch and gill arches. Axial skeleton: notochord and vertebral column. Morphology and evolution of the vertebrae. Ribbed and sternum. The unequal fins of the "Pisces" and evolution of the caudal fin. The vertebral column of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Regionalization of the spine. Skeleton of the appendages: the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. The even fins of the "Pisces". The limbs of the tetrapods and their origin. Plan of the chiropterigio. Modifications of the limb in the main adaptations to terrestrial, arboreal, air, aquatic environments. Nervous system Generalities and functions. Neurons and neuroglia cells. Notes on the development and organization of the Vertebrate nervous system: Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System and Autonomous Nervous System. The four functional groups of neurons. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Cranial nerves of Gnatostomes (Condritti). The branchiomers and innervation of the musculature of the head (Condritti). The encephalo of the Condritti and its subdivisions. Main trends in brain evolution. Meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid. Sensory organs The different types of receptors. Olfactory organs. Mechanoreceptors. Lateral line system. Ear and its functions: static balance and perception of sound. Evolution of the ear in Vertebrates: inner, middle and external ear. Elettrocettores. Photoreceptors: the median eye and the eyes. Origin, development and structural plan of the eye. Adaptations in aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Digestive System Function and organization. The different regions of the food channel. Mechanisms for food intake in Vertebrates. The mouth and the oral cavity; the palate; the tongue; salivary glands. The pharynx. The teeth: origin and structure, the teeth in the "Pisces" and in the non-Mammal Tetrapods. Heterodontia and mastication in Mammals. Respiratory System Functions of the respiratory system. Breathing and ventilation. The gills of the "Agnati", of the Condritti, of the Actinopterygii. The ventilation in the "fish". Respiratory organs accessories. Evolution of the gaseous bladder. Form and function of the swim bladder. The external gills. Evolution of the lungs and ventilation mechanisms in the Tetrapods. Skin respiration. Lungs and ventilation in birds. Circulatory system Functions of the circulatory system. Components of the cardiovascular system: blood, heart, blood vessels. Simple circulation and double circulation. Arterial system: aortic arches. Evolution of aortic arches in "Pisces", Dipnoi, Amphibians and Amniotes. The evolution of the heart in the various classes of vertebrates: the heart in the "Pisces", Amphibians, crocodiles, Mammals, Birds. Topics of the exercises (optional) Macroscopic examination and dissection of Vertebrates Examination of osteological findings of Vertebrates Visit the Museum of Comparative Anatomy

General Zoology

Stingo et al. Anatomia Comparata 2016 Liem et al. Anatomia Comparata 2004 Kardong et al. Antomia Comparata dei vertebrati 2005

non-compulsory attendance

The test consists of multiple choice tests on all the topics of the course, followed by an oral interview in which the candidate answers questions regarding two different topics. The objective of the test is to evaluate knowledge of the topics in the program which must be presented with the appropriate language skills.

N.A.

The course includes lectures and supplementary didactic activities. Through the lectures students learn the fundamental knowledge of the discipline, namely the systematics and evolution of vertebrates and the Comparative Anatomy of various systems. The supplementary didactic activities integrate this knowledge. In fact, during the observation and dissection of a vertebrate the students appreciate and learn the integration of the various systems in determining the various functions; moreover, the direct observation of the morphology of a skull provides knowledge on its three-dimensionality, information lost almost completely in textbooks.

undamental concepts and principles of Comparative Anatomy Definition of the discipline, method and object of study. Form, function, evolution. Structural plan of Vertebrates. Plans and axes of the body. Biological similarity: homology and analogy. Adaptation. Convergence. Principles of phylogenetic systematics. Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups. Systematics, diversity of Vertebrates and their evolutionary history The Chordates, characteristics and phylogeny. Cranioti and Vertebrates. "Agnatha" and Gnathostomata. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes. The first tetrapods. The current amphibians. Amniotes. Chelonians. Diapsida: Lepidosaurus and Arcosaurs and the origin of the Birds. The Synapsids and the origin of the Mammals. ORGANIC SYSTEMS IN VERTEBRATED Tegumentary system General features and functions. The color of the tegument. The tegument of the fish. Glands and luminous skin organs (photophores). The dermal bone scales (placoids, cosmoids, ganoids, cycloids and ctenoids) and their evolution. The tegument of the Tetrapods. Non-mammalian tetrapod glands. Mammalian glands: sebaceous, sweat, merocrine and apocrine, mammary. Horn structures of ectodermal origin: scales and plates, feathers, hairs. The evolution of feathers. Other specializations of the tegument: nails, claws and hooves; horns and antlers; baleen. Skeletal system The subdivision of the skeleton of the skull. Skeleton of the skull: endoskeletal and dermal components and their embryonic derivation. Chondrocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium. The skull in the course of the phylogeny of Vertebrates. The skull of the Agnates. Gnatostomes and the appearance of the mandibular arch. Types of suspension of the mandibular arch. The skull of the Condritti. The skull of the Attinopterygii, from the Paleoniscoidea to the Teleostei. The skull of the primitive Coanates and Tetrapods. The skull of the current amphibians. Evolution of temporal windows in Amniotes. The skull of the current "Reptiles" (Cheloni, Lepidosauri). The skull of the Arcosauri and the current Birds. The kinetic skulls. The skull of the Synapsids and evolution of the skull of the Mammals; evolution of the articulation of the mandible. Derivatives of the hyoid arch and gill arches. Axial skeleton: notochord and vertebral column. Morphology and evolution of the vertebrae. Ribbed and sternum. The unequal fins of the "Pisces" and evolution of the caudal fin. The vertebral column of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Regionalization of the spine. Skeleton of the appendages: the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) of aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. The even fins of the "Pisces". The limbs of the tetrapods and their origin. Plan of the chiropterigio. Modifications of the limb in the main adaptations to terrestrial, arboreal, air, aquatic environments. Nervous system Generalities and functions. Neurons and neuroglia cells. Notes on the development and organization of the Vertebrate nervous system: Cerebro-Spinal Nervous System and Autonomous Nervous System. The four functional groups of neurons. Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Cranial nerves of Gnatostomes (Condritti). The branchiomers and innervation of the musculature of the head (Condritti). The encephalo of the Condritti and its subdivisions. Main trends in brain evolution. Meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid. Sensory organs The different types of receptors. Olfactory organs. Mechanoreceptors. Lateral line system. Ear and its functions: static balance and perception of sound. Evolution of the ear in Vertebrates: inner, middle and external ear. Elettrocettores. Photoreceptors: the median eye and the eyes. Origin, development and structural plan of the eye. Adaptations in aquatic vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates. Digestive System Function and organization. The different regions of the food channel. Mechanisms for food intake in Vertebrates. The mouth and the oral cavity; the palate; the tongue; salivary glands. The pharynx. The teeth: origin and structure, the teeth in the "Pisces" and in the non-Mammal Tetrapods. Heterodontia and mastication in Mammals. Respiratory System Functions of the respiratory system. Breathing and ventilation. The gills of the "Agnati", of the Condritti, of the Actinopterygii. The ventilation in the "fish". Respiratory organs accessories. Evolution of the gaseous bladder. Form and function of the swim bladder. The external gills. Evolution of the lungs and ventilation mechanisms in the Tetrapods. Skin respiration. Lungs and ventilation in birds. Circulatory system Functions of the circulatory system. Components of the cardiovascular system: blood, heart, blood vessels. Simple circulation and double circulation. Arterial system: aortic arches. Evolution of aortic arches in "Pisces", Dipnoi, Amphibians and Amniotes. The evolution of the heart in the various classes of vertebrates: the heart in the "Pisces", Amphibians, crocodiles, Mammals, Birds. Topics of the exercises (optional) Macroscopic examination and dissection of Vertebrates Examination of osteological findings of Vertebrates Visit the Museum of Comparative Anatomy

General Zoology

Stingo et al. Anatomia Comparata 2016 Liem et al. Anatomia Comparata 2004 Kardong et al. Antomia Comparata dei vertebrati 2005

non-compulsory attendance

The test consists of multiple choice tests on all the topics of the course, followed by an oral interview in which the candidate answers questions regarding two different topics. The objective of the test is to evaluate knowledge of the topics in the program which must be presented with the appropriate language skills.

N.A.

The course includes lectures and supplementary didactic activities. Through the lectures students learn the fundamental knowledge of the discipline, namely the systematics and evolution of vertebrates and the Comparative Anatomy of various systems. The supplementary didactic activities integrate this knowledge. In fact, during the observation and dissection of a vertebrate the students appreciate and learn the integration of the various systems in determining the various functions; moreover, the direct observation of the morphology of a skull provides knowledge on its three-dimensionality, information lost almost completely in textbooks.