Nursing REPLICA W - ASL LATINA FORMIA - GAETA

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: Epidemiology and Human Diseases in the Last 100 Years. DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BASIC CONCEPTS: Differences between epidemiology and clinical medicine, The concept of primary and secondary "determinants" and that of "population." SPECIFIC TASKS AND PRACTICAL PURPOSES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY: Prevention, control, and eradication of diseases, Hypothesis evaluation, Overview of observational and experimental studies. FROM ASSOCIATION TO CAUSALITY: The logical process toward causality: Association and causality, Event association in epidemiology, Statistical significance and causality, Comparing two proportions or percentages: the Chi-square test, Comparing two means: Student's t-test, Tests of significance, Association and causality: types of association; General model of causal and non-causal associations; Examples of non-causal associations; Examples of confusion between cause and effect. MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY: Morbidity and mortality; Mortality rates; Survival and fatality; Prevalence and incidence: definitions; Prevalence, incidence, and the use of confidence intervals; Attack rate; Relationship between incidence and prevalence; Epidemic, endemic, sporadic disease; Other parameters of disease frequency; Standardization of measures. 2) EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: Evidence-based Medicine, some methodological elements, the concept of evidence and evidence-based clinical practice, from the traditional paradigm to the evidence-based paradigm, history of the evidence-based movement, limits of evidence-based clinical practice, obstacles encountered in attempting high-quality scientific interventions, Pyramid of evidence and gold standard, Types of research. SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE: Evidence-based nursing, Phases of EBN, Research question and its formulation, background and foreground questions, The PICO method, examples of narrative and reformulated questions with PICO, Searching the scientific literature online and search engines, research tools and Boolean operators, General information on using PubMed for bibliographic research, online search exercises. 3-4-5) RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF TREATMENT STUDIES, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of biomedical information, research study designs, characteristics of primary studies, randomized and controlled studies, data organization in the 2x2 table, ethical considerations, non-controlled studies, Measures of associations: Relative and absolute risk, risk difference, interpreting relative risk and risk difference, validity of association measures: p-value and confidence intervals, properties of CIs, systematic error or bias, selection bias or improper randomization, ascertainment bias, protocol violation bias, critical appraisal of experimental studies (randomized controlled trials), examples of study results and calculation of association measures, online calculators (e.g., open epi). 6) RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF ETIOLOGICAL AND PROGNOSTIC STUDIES. Observational Studies vs Experimental Studies (Prospective, Retrospective, Cross-sectional, or Prevalence), types of questions (prognostic vs etiological study), design of epidemiological studies. 7) COHORT STUDY: methodology, measuring associations, biases in cohort studies, information and selection biases, confounding factors, advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies. 8) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES methodology, measures of association: odds ratio, interpretation of OR, confidence intervals for OR, information errors (information bias), memory errors (recall bias), selection bias, confounding factors. 9) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES, sampling, measure of association (prevalence ratio, odds ratio), biases in cross-sectional studies, evaluation sheet for etiological studies. 10) SCREENING TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: Evaluation of test performance, Gold standard, Predictive values of a test, Sensitivity and specificity: impact of the cut-off value, Relationship between predictive values and prevalence, ROC curve, Multiple tests: Validity of a test and agreement between tests, critical evaluation. 11) SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS traditional and systematic reviews, characteristics and methods of systematic reviews, question formulation, study search, study selection, research implementation, critical evaluation, data collection, study synthesis. META-ANALYSIS heterogeneity. Major databases of systematic reviews, critical evaluation of systematic reviews. 12) SUMMARY AND EXAM SIMULATIONS.

Dublin 1. Knowledge and understanding - The students are expected to acquire deep knowledge on life-cycles of main human and zoonotic parasites and their adaptation to parasitism. Moreover, they are expected to learn basic information on pathogenic mechanisms. Dublin 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding - The students are expected to acquire and manage the concept of “epidemiological risk” on the basis of parasite biology and clinic, and to hypothesize preventive and control strategies. Dublin 3. Critical and judgmental capacities - The students are expected to develop critical and judgmental skills by interactive discussions with the professor and with the other students purposely stimulated during the course, and will learn to connect the clinic parasitology of main human and zoonotic parasites with their epidemiology, prevention and control. Dublin 4. Ability to communicate what has been learned – Towards the end of the course, students will be requested to prepare short seminars on topics agreed with the professor and to present and discuss it with the fellow students. Dublin 5. ability to continue the study independently in the life – It is expected that at the end of the course the students are able to locate the newly acquire knowledge on human parasitology in the frame of practice aspect of clinical parasitology, as well as in the frame of preventive and control strategies, coherently with future studies.

EVIDENCE BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE 2/ED 2ed La pratica clinico-assistenziale basata su prove di efficacia 8838636737 · 9788838636738 di Paolo Chiari, Daniela Mosci, Enrico Naldi

face to face course

Written exam with open and closed questions covering the course syllabus, as well as exercises similar to those completed during class group work.