Course program
Due to the high content peculiarity, in order to create optimal learning conditions for students, the use of a differentiated approach to the proposed syllabus is adopted. The framework of the syllabus might be subject to changes, due to the continuous law changes.
Regulatory and Law- General principles of national and Community law.
Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Definition of medicines. medicines authorized for introduction on the market (AIC), Masterly and officinal formulas.
The Pharmacopoeias and their role in the technical regulatory framework for the quality of medicines. Good Manufacturing Practices and Standards of Good preparation in pharmaceutical compounding Production and control of medicines. General aspects. Quality Assurance System. Staff. Laboratory and equipment. Raw material. Preparation operations Quality control. Packaging and labeling. Stability of the preparation. Microbiological aspects of the preparations.
Position of paper masterly preparations by the SIFAP (Italian Society of Pharmacists).
The National Medicines Tariff.
Overview on REACH, CLP and PICS regulations.
Prescription medicines and non-prescription medicines, SP and OTC. Therapeutic equivalents. The dispensation of medicines : definition and classifications of medical prescription . Medical prescriptions for veterinary use. The electronic prescription . The classification in the supply of medicinal products for human and veterinary use subject to medical prescription medicines (Tables 3,4,5 FU) Prescription of masterly preparations. (Law No. 94, April 8, 1998).
The rules governing the production , purchase and dispensing of narcotics and psychotropic substances : the DPR 309 /90 and its updates. Statement of " poisons " and their dispensation.
Legislation relating to substances whose use is considered doping (the WADA list).
Legislation relating to the substances acting anorectic.
Design of pharmaceutical forms. Routes of drug administration.
Pharmaceutical forms: classification.
Powders for pharmaceutical use: powder mixing. Forces and mixing mechanisms. Demixing or segregation. Solid mixing equipment. Mixing small quantities of powders in the pharmacy.
Powders for pharmaceutical use: particle size and dimensional distribution. Average statistical diameter.
Tablets definition F.U. XII ed. Preparation of the tablets. Alternate table and Rotary tablet presses. Production of multilayer tablets. Excipients for the tablets. Direct compression. Properties of tablets and controls. Appearance: shape, size and color. Uniformity of weight and uniformity of content. Resistance to breakage and friability. Porosity. Disaggregation time. Dissolution rate. Stability and control of microbial load.
Pelleting. Film coating. Types of film coatings. Excipients used for film coating. Coating film formation mechanisms. Coating equipment. Pharmaceuticals Fluid Bed Equipment. Main variables of the filming process. Problems in the filming process. Alternative coating techniques.
Coating for double compression.
Granulates definition F.U. XII ed..Characteristic features of granulates Granulation process. Wet and dry granulation. Fluid bed granulator.
Capsules definition F.U. XII ed. Hard capsules. Industrial production of capsules (empty capsules). Industrial filling. Filling of hard capsules in pharmacies. Soft capsules. Production and filling. Modified-release capsules Gastro-resistant capsules Controls FU XII ed.
Liquid preparations. Solutions. Solute concentration. Properties of solutions. Solutions such as pharmaceutical forms. Liquid preparations for oral use. Hydroalcoholic preparations. Dilution of alcohol. Isotonia and isoosmia. Isotonization methods. Water for pharmaceutical use. Water quality and water classification for pharmaceutical use. Water characteristics for pharmaceutical use and production technologies. Purified water, highly purified water and water for injectable use. Water treatments and conditioning. Dechlorination, softening, demineralization, ion exchange resins, reverse osmosis, distillation (single and multiple effect distillation).
Dispersed systems. Colloidal systems. Electrical properties of interfaces. Stability of colloids. Suspensions. Particle wettability. Contact angle. Interactions between solid particles and liquid vehicle. Electric double layer theory and factors that influence stability of didpersed systems. DLVO theory. Instability: sedimentation. Free surface energy. Enlargement of the particles. Flocculation and deflocculation. Ostwald ripening phenomenon.
Suspension formulation. Suspension stability. Bioavailability of suspended drugs. Controls FU XII ed. on suspensions.
Emulsions. Types of emulsions. Emulsion stability. Surface tension. Definition of HLB. Micelle formation. Preparation of emulsions. HLB concept required. Controls on emulsions. Evaluation of the stability of emulsions.
Sterile and apyrogenic pharmaceutical forms. Cellular inactivation kinetics (D value and Z value). Sterilization and depyrogenation methods. Filtration sterilization Environments for the production of sterile pharmaceutical forms. Classification of sterile rooms. Air sterilization. Cleaning and sterilization of the sterile block. Checking the contaminations of the sterile block.
Drying processes: lyophilization. Definition and properties of freeze-dried products. Stages of the freeze-drying process. Freezing. Criticality of the freezing process. Effect of speed on the quality of the liophyle. Freeze drying. Stages of the lyophilization process: primary and secondary drying. Use of cryo-protectors. Control of the lyophilization process.
Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application. Principles of rheology. Fluid flow. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Types of non-Newtonian behavior. Time-dependent behavior: thixotropy. Viscometers and rheometers. Viscoelasticity. Application of rheology to pharmaceutical formulations.
Essays and technological procedures envisaged by the F.U. for the most common pharmaceutical forms.
Packaging of medicinal products. Primary and secondary packaging. Packaging materials. Glass. Plastics. Tires and elastomers. Metals. Laminates.