Pharmacy

Educational objectives

General educational objectives
Biology can be defined as the entire field of disciplines that study living organisms in all their
manifestations and the natural laws that regulate them. Beyond the definitions, biology is one of the
most dynamic and rapidly expanding fields of human activity and has repercussions that affect
every aspect of our lives, from health to environmental issues. The research activity constantly
carried out by biologists all over the world has allowed us to acquire a great knowledge of
biological processes and to make ourselves more and more aware of our close interdependence with
the great variety of organisms present in our planet.
This course has mainly a propaedeutic purpose; taking into particular account the level of
preparation of each student, the objective to be achieved is allowing the student to face the courses
of the following years with the necessary basic knowledge and to know the aspects main topics of
the study of biology.
Specific educational objectives

1) Expected Learning Outcomes
In the course beyond a general knowledge of the fundamental topics of biology, we want to give
appropriate importance to the concepts mainly related to professional training in the pharmaceutical
field, as well as to the subsequent subjects of the Degree Course.
For this reason we will follow a path that starts from the Chemistry of Life, and then, by deepening
the constitution of living beings at the cellular level with references to the basic biochemical and
genetic mechanisms, leads to the understanding of the higher organizational levels up to the
organismic level of Biology, both for plants and animals, taking into account the evolutionary
peculiarities, and with hints also to the ecological part.
The course has been designed and implemented with the aim of making the numerous and complex
aspects of Biology interesting and accessible: it is important that the students acquire a greater
awareness of the variety of life forms, their enormous adaptability to the environment and their
ecological and evolutionary correlations, understanding, at the same time, the dynamic way in
which science works and make progress.
The study of Plant Biology will focus on the peculiarities of plants, from the metabolic ones to the
morpho-functional ones, in order to provide the basic notions useful in the degree course, with
particular reference to the topics that will be further explored in the course of Pharmacognosy. The
main objective of the study of Animal Biology will be the acquisition of basic knowledge on animal
structures and functions at different levels of complexity, with emphasis on their adaptive meaning.
We intend to highlight both the universality of evolutionary solutions, and the main alternative
solutions to general problems of functionality of complex organic systems in the Man and in the
main Phyla of the Metazoan.
The teaching of Biology at the first-year level is congruent with the course of the student enrolled in
the degree course in CTF, as it is intended to establish a solid base of scientific knowledge on which

to build their professional skills, which include a wide range of disciplines, all closely related to
each other.
The logical path of the topics will be developed through five consecutive sections:
a) Chemistry of Life. Science and Biology in the pharmaceutical context. Modern Biology and
Systems Biology. Evolution of the scientific method. Also including elements of Primary and
Secondary Metabolism.
b) Cellular Biology, with the main elements of the cellular constitution and its functioning.
Understanding diversity: systematics and phylogeny. Viruses and sub-viral agents. Bacteria.
Archaea. Origin of Eukaryotes. Protists.
c) Plant Biology, the main botanical aspects of plant organisms and related organisms.
d) Formal Genetics and Molecular Biology. Chromosomes, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. DNA
replication. From DNA to proteins: gene expression. Mutations. Regulation of gene expression.
Genomes. Introduction to the Darwinian concept of evolution. The mechanisms of evolution:
evolutionary changes in populations. Speciation. Macroevolution. Evolution of genes and genomes.
e) Animal Biology. At the end of this section, the student acquires a general knowledge on the
biology of animal organisms through the study of model groups.
2) Applied Knowledge and Understanding
The evaluation of the student will be carried out mainly through a final written test, which will
focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's ability in a form that avoids the
psychological difficulty arising from a university-type oral examination to which he/she is not still
used to.
3) Judgment autonomy

The student will deepen what he learned during the lessons on the recommended texts, which have
been written and thought mainly for the students of the pharmaceutical courses. This deepening will
allow him to rediscover these topics in the future, when the memories of the concepts taught in the
classroom will be partly forgotten. The texts will remain as a reference for the student who will
know where to find detailed concepts, especially useful to pass the exam.
The teaching of Vegetal and Animal Biology consists of lectures, with some final exercises to
prepare the students for the exam. The lessons are all interactive: the teacher stimulates the students
with questions to which they, based on their knowledge and what they have learned in class, can
give an answer. This allows the teacher to evidence the links between the current course and the
previous knowledge, fundamental to understand what is proposed in class.
The continuous references to concepts of previous courses must make the student accustomed to
study the proposed subject not as something closed, only aimed to pass the final exam and to be
filed immediately afterwards, but intends to highlight a multidisciplinary study, absolutely required
to face the university study. The student will find on the e-learning platform the slides and the
teaching material (exam program, recommended texts) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is
understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the
recommended texts and lectures given by the teacher.

Attendance to the course is optional but strongly recommended. In fact, the percentage of students
who pass the exam and with good grades is limited to those who have regularly attended, while is
generally high the failure percentage among not attending students.
4) Communication skills
The assessment methods of the course are characterized by an exam session set in the months of
January, February and May, excluding the periods in which the lessons are held. The teacher is also
available to hold, at the request of the students, additional appeals during the months of April and
September, reserved for undergraduate and off-course students, in accordance with the provisions of
the respective CCL. The objective of the test is to certify the student's knowledge and assimilation
of the main topics that will then be the subject of further study in subsequent courses. The elements
taken into consideration for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject, in all the main areas of
Biology covered by the exam program, the ability of reasoning demonstrated in the choice of
answers and the ability to study autonomously on the indicated texts.

Educational objectives

The main objectives are the knowledge of the fundamental concepts of general chemistry and the skill to address numerical exercises relevant to the application of these concepts.
More specific objectives are the knowledge and application of fundamental concepts concerning the atomic structure, the chemical bond, the geometry and structure of molecules, the states of matter and their properties, the transitions phase, the main laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, the equilibria in solution and in the gas phase, the acids, bases and titration, the solubility equilibria, the electrochemistry and its application.
Further objectives are the ability to connect the acquired knowledge, the ability to communicate what the student has learnt, the ability to understand the contents of the following chemistry courses.

Educational objectives

The main objective of the Physics with elements of statistics course is providing students with an
operative approach to the scientific method through basic physics concepts. In the Academic Year
2020-21 we have introduced in this context basics of statistics, to let them perform simple
analysis, interpret and report experimental results.
The course therefore covers both the conceptual and the applicative aspects, helpful in the
continuation of the studies in Pharmacy LM-13.
Specific objectives
At the end of the course, students will have acquired the knowledge and a good level of
understanding of basic physics topics, namely mechanics, fluid dynamics, calorimetry,
thermodynamics, electromagnetism and geometric optics. They will have also improved their
ability to analyze and solve scientific problems, through problem-solving lectures where the use of
Physics is a means to teach them a method that will be useful in the continuation of studies and
possibly in their future career.
Students will also learn the basic concepts of probability and statistics, in order to be able to use
them correctly both in the university and then in the work context, where this is useful.
The execution of written exercises, both during the lessons and the final examination, will lead to
enhance their critical and autonomy skills in the organization of the study. The final exam, based
on the resolution of written exercises and on an oral interview, will provide them with a useful
motivation to enhance communication skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a correct knowledge of the fundamental principles of organic
chemistry, proposing the contents into two distinct phases, which are closely related one to each
other under a logical profile. In the first phase the teaching is addressed to provide basic
knowledge about classification and nomenclature of organic compounds, about the symbolism
used to represent both structures and reactions, as well as over the chemical-physics, acid-base,

nucleophilic-electrophilic properties of the considered compounds. In the second phase the
teaching is instead focused on the description of the different reactivity involved by different
classes of compounds, rationalizing the study through the analysis of the relevant mechanisms. In
the context of the described methodology, the objectives to be achieved are:
1) attainment of a suitable degree of specialized knowledge (understood as the ability to invoke
theories, rules, nomenclature etc.), to be managed autonomously in order to understand contents
concerning topics of organic chemistry in primary and secondary bibliography (textbooks and
scientific articles);
2) capacity to properly interpret and process the reaction schemes and propose alternatives to the
encountered syntheses;
3) establish interconnections between the several studied topics, knowing to identify and exploit
the contents preparatory to the study of subsequent courses;
4) have acquired autonomy in the ability to exchange opinions, ideas and information concerning
the topics of organic chemistry studied in the context of this teaching.

Educational objectives

General Aims
At the end of the course students will know the basic physical principles and mechanisms that regulates
cell physiology, with particular attention to the electrical properties of excitable cells and neuronal
transmission; the function of the organs in the human body; the dynamical integration of the various

organs into systems; the general mechanisms of functional control under normal conditions. The student
will be aware of the main molecular and cellular mechanisms target of possible pharmacological
treatments.
Specific Aims:
1. Knowledge acquired by the student
The student will know all the aspects of cellular and plasma membrane functioning, of the central and
autonomic nervous system, of muscular contraction (skeletal smooth and cardiac muscle), of the
cardiovascular system, of the respiratory system, of the urinary system, of the digestive system and of
hormonal communication, and the regulation of the pH of the liquid compartments.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student will understand the role of the different organ systems in the
functioning of the human body and will recognize the consequences produced by the malfunctioning of the
individual systems. He/she will know which are the most important correlations between structure and
function of the single organs and apparatuses. He/she will know the main cellular and molecular
mechanisms responsible for the correct functioning and control of the body's functions. He/she will be able
to integrate the knowledge of individual systems in a general vision.
3. Critical judgment skills
The lessons will be interactive; the professor will ask continuous questions to the students to stimulate
them to develop critical sense and to integrate previous knowledge. These questions will also be used to
evaluate and solicit students to make connections with the skills acquired previously, avoiding considering
the study of the general physiology as self-standing, but integrating the physiology in the light of the
knowledge already acquired (physical, chemical, biological and anatomical).
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The student will acquire the ability to communicate all the topics covered by the program and to expose
them in an integrated perspective in light of the correct functioning of the human organism. Eventually,
students will be organized in small groups that will expose to the class oral presentations on specific topics
related to the effect of drugs in regulating the physiological functions.
5. Ability to continue the study independently
Recommended texts will provide a tool to integrate the knowledge acquired during the class. The texts will
remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find the concepts in detail. He/she
will be able to integrate these concepts with the materials available on specific online sites whose links will
be suggested in class.

Educational objectives

OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
A - Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione
OF 1) Conoscere la struttura della tavola periodica
OF 2) Conoscere il significato delle varie proprietà atomiche (raggio, elettronegatività, affinità
elettronica, calore di atomizzazione)
OF 3) Conoscere la struttura del nucleo atomico
OF 4) Conoscere i principi degli equilibri in soluzione
OF 5) Comprendere il significato di una costante condizionale di formazione
OF 6) Conoscere la reattività in acqua di specie inorganiche
OF7) Conoscere i concetti di radiofarmaco diagnostico e terapeutico
B – Capacità applicative
OF 8) Saper illustrare l’andamento periodico delle principali proprietà
OF 9) Saper dedurre la stabilità di un nucleo atomico dal numero di protoni e neutroni
OF 10) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli per via algebrica
OF 11) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli e loro miscele per via grafica
OF 12) Saper prevedere l’ordine di precipitazione tra più sali sia per via algebrica che via grafica
OF 13) Saper calcolare la concentrazione di prodotti e reagenti di reazioni all’equilibrio
C - Autonomia di giudizio
OF 14) Essere in grado di valutare le principali proprietà di un elemento in base alla posizione
sulla tavola periodica
OF 15) Essere in grado di progettare la sintesi di un nucleo atomico di massa assegnata
OF 16) Essere in grado di prevedere lo spostamento di una reazione ionica all’equilibrio
D – Abilità nella comunicazione
OF 17) Saper illustrare un diagramma di distribuzione.
OF 18) Saper illustrare le proprietà degli elementi presenti nei vari gruppi
OF 19) Saper descrivere la produzione e la ricostruzione di un radiofarmaco
E - Capacità di apprendere
OF 20) Avere la capacità di consultare la letteratura sugli argomenti trattati nel corso
OF 21) Avere la capacità di comprendere una procedura analitica di laboratorio basata su
equilibri ionici in soluzione

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the structure of the periodic table
OF 2) Knowing the meaning of the different atomic properties (atomic radius, electronegativity,
electron affinity, atomization heat)
OF 3) Knowing the structure of the atomic nucleus
OF 4) Knowing the principles of solution equilibria
OF 5) Understanding the meaning of a conditional formation constant
OF 6) Knowing the reactivity of inorganic species in water
OF7) Knowing the meaning of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
B - Application skills
OF 8) Being able to illustrate the periodic behavior of the main atomic properties
OF 9) Being able to deduce the stability of an atomic nucleus from the number of protons and
neutrons
OF 10) Being able to algebraically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases
OF 11) Being able to graphically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases and their
mixtures
OF 12) Being able to predict both algebraically and graphically the precipitation order between
different salts
OF 13) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of equilibrium
reactions
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 14) Being able to evaluate the main properties of an element basing on its position on the
periodic table
OF 15) Being able to design the synthesis of an atomic nucleus of assigned mass
OF 16) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium
D - Communication skills
OF 17) Being able to illustrate a distribution diagram
OF 18) Being able to illustrate the properties of the elements belonging to the various groups
OF 19) Being able to describe the production and reconstruction of a radiopharmaceutical
E - Ability to learn
OF 20) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 21) Having the ability to understand an analytical laboratory procedure based on ionic
equilibria in solution

Educational objectives

OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
A - Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione
OF 1) Conoscere la struttura della tavola periodica
OF 2) Conoscere il significato delle varie proprietà atomiche (raggio, elettronegatività, affinità
elettronica, calore di atomizzazione)
OF 3) Conoscere la struttura del nucleo atomico
OF 4) Conoscere i principi degli equilibri in soluzione
OF 5) Comprendere il significato di una costante condizionale di formazione
OF 6) Conoscere la reattività in acqua di specie inorganiche
OF7) Conoscere i concetti di radiofarmaco diagnostico e terapeutico
B – Capacità applicative
OF 8) Saper illustrare l’andamento periodico delle principali proprietà
OF 9) Saper dedurre la stabilità di un nucleo atomico dal numero di protoni e neutroni
OF 10) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli per via algebrica
OF 11) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli e loro miscele per via grafica
OF 12) Saper prevedere l’ordine di precipitazione tra più sali sia per via algebrica che via grafica
OF 13) Saper calcolare la concentrazione di prodotti e reagenti di reazioni all’equilibrio
C - Autonomia di giudizio
OF 14) Essere in grado di valutare le principali proprietà di un elemento in base alla posizione
sulla tavola periodica
OF 15) Essere in grado di progettare la sintesi di un nucleo atomico di massa assegnata
OF 16) Essere in grado di prevedere lo spostamento di una reazione ionica all’equilibrio
D – Abilità nella comunicazione
OF 17) Saper illustrare un diagramma di distribuzione.
OF 18) Saper illustrare le proprietà degli elementi presenti nei vari gruppi
OF 19) Saper descrivere la produzione e la ricostruzione di un radiofarmaco
E - Capacità di apprendere
OF 20) Avere la capacità di consultare la letteratura sugli argomenti trattati nel corso
OF 21) Avere la capacità di comprendere una procedura analitica di laboratorio basata su
equilibri ionici in soluzione

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the structure of the periodic table
OF 2) Knowing the meaning of the different atomic properties (atomic radius, electronegativity,
electron affinity, atomization heat)
OF 3) Knowing the structure of the atomic nucleus
OF 4) Knowing the principles of solution equilibria
OF 5) Understanding the meaning of a conditional formation constant
OF 6) Knowing the reactivity of inorganic species in water
OF7) Knowing the meaning of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
B - Application skills
OF 8) Being able to illustrate the periodic behavior of the main atomic properties
OF 9) Being able to deduce the stability of an atomic nucleus from the number of protons and
neutrons
OF 10) Being able to algebraically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases
OF 11) Being able to graphically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases and their
mixtures
OF 12) Being able to predict both algebraically and graphically the precipitation order between
different salts
OF 13) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of equilibrium
reactions
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 14) Being able to evaluate the main properties of an element basing on its position on the
periodic table
OF 15) Being able to design the synthesis of an atomic nucleus of assigned mass
OF 16) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium
D - Communication skills
OF 17) Being able to illustrate a distribution diagram
OF 18) Being able to illustrate the properties of the elements belonging to the various groups
OF 19) Being able to describe the production and reconstruction of a radiopharmaceutical
E - Ability to learn
OF 20) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 21) Having the ability to understand an analytical laboratory procedure based on ionic
equilibria in solution

Educational objectives

OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
A - Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione
OF 1) Conoscere la struttura della tavola periodica
OF 2) Conoscere il significato delle varie proprietà atomiche (raggio, elettronegatività, affinità
elettronica, calore di atomizzazione)
OF 3) Conoscere la struttura del nucleo atomico
OF 4) Conoscere i principi degli equilibri in soluzione
OF 5) Comprendere il significato di una costante condizionale di formazione
OF 6) Conoscere la reattività in acqua di specie inorganiche
OF7) Conoscere i concetti di radiofarmaco diagnostico e terapeutico
B – Capacità applicative
OF 8) Saper illustrare l’andamento periodico delle principali proprietà
OF 9) Saper dedurre la stabilità di un nucleo atomico dal numero di protoni e neutroni
OF 10) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli per via algebrica
OF 11) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli e loro miscele per via grafica
OF 12) Saper prevedere l’ordine di precipitazione tra più sali sia per via algebrica che via grafica
OF 13) Saper calcolare la concentrazione di prodotti e reagenti di reazioni all’equilibrio
C - Autonomia di giudizio
OF 14) Essere in grado di valutare le principali proprietà di un elemento in base alla posizione
sulla tavola periodica
OF 15) Essere in grado di progettare la sintesi di un nucleo atomico di massa assegnata
OF 16) Essere in grado di prevedere lo spostamento di una reazione ionica all’equilibrio
D – Abilità nella comunicazione
OF 17) Saper illustrare un diagramma di distribuzione.
OF 18) Saper illustrare le proprietà degli elementi presenti nei vari gruppi
OF 19) Saper descrivere la produzione e la ricostruzione di un radiofarmaco
E - Capacità di apprendere
OF 20) Avere la capacità di consultare la letteratura sugli argomenti trattati nel corso
OF 21) Avere la capacità di comprendere una procedura analitica di laboratorio basata su
equilibri ionici in soluzione

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the structure of the periodic table
OF 2) Knowing the meaning of the different atomic properties (atomic radius, electronegativity,
electron affinity, atomization heat)
OF 3) Knowing the structure of the atomic nucleus
OF 4) Knowing the principles of solution equilibria
OF 5) Understanding the meaning of a conditional formation constant
OF 6) Knowing the reactivity of inorganic species in water
OF7) Knowing the meaning of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
B - Application skills
OF 8) Being able to illustrate the periodic behavior of the main atomic properties
OF 9) Being able to deduce the stability of an atomic nucleus from the number of protons and
neutrons
OF 10) Being able to algebraically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases
OF 11) Being able to graphically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases and their
mixtures
OF 12) Being able to predict both algebraically and graphically the precipitation order between
different salts
OF 13) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of equilibrium
reactions
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 14) Being able to evaluate the main properties of an element basing on its position on the
periodic table
OF 15) Being able to design the synthesis of an atomic nucleus of assigned mass
OF 16) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium
D - Communication skills
OF 17) Being able to illustrate a distribution diagram
OF 18) Being able to illustrate the properties of the elements belonging to the various groups
OF 19) Being able to describe the production and reconstruction of a radiopharmaceutical
E - Ability to learn
OF 20) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 21) Having the ability to understand an analytical laboratory procedure based on ionic
equilibria in solution

Educational objectives

OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI
A - Conoscenza e capacità di comprensione
OF 1) Conoscere la struttura della tavola periodica
OF 2) Conoscere il significato delle varie proprietà atomiche (raggio, elettronegatività, affinità
elettronica, calore di atomizzazione)
OF 3) Conoscere la struttura del nucleo atomico
OF 4) Conoscere i principi degli equilibri in soluzione
OF 5) Comprendere il significato di una costante condizionale di formazione
OF 6) Conoscere la reattività in acqua di specie inorganiche
OF7) Conoscere i concetti di radiofarmaco diagnostico e terapeutico
B – Capacità applicative
OF 8) Saper illustrare l’andamento periodico delle principali proprietà
OF 9) Saper dedurre la stabilità di un nucleo atomico dal numero di protoni e neutroni
OF 10) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli per via algebrica
OF 11) Saper calcolare il pH di acidi e basi forti e deboli e loro miscele per via grafica
OF 12) Saper prevedere l’ordine di precipitazione tra più sali sia per via algebrica che via grafica
OF 13) Saper calcolare la concentrazione di prodotti e reagenti di reazioni all’equilibrio
C - Autonomia di giudizio
OF 14) Essere in grado di valutare le principali proprietà di un elemento in base alla posizione
sulla tavola periodica
OF 15) Essere in grado di progettare la sintesi di un nucleo atomico di massa assegnata
OF 16) Essere in grado di prevedere lo spostamento di una reazione ionica all’equilibrio
D – Abilità nella comunicazione
OF 17) Saper illustrare un diagramma di distribuzione.
OF 18) Saper illustrare le proprietà degli elementi presenti nei vari gruppi
OF 19) Saper descrivere la produzione e la ricostruzione di un radiofarmaco
E - Capacità di apprendere
OF 20) Avere la capacità di consultare la letteratura sugli argomenti trattati nel corso
OF 21) Avere la capacità di comprendere una procedura analitica di laboratorio basata su
equilibri ionici in soluzione

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the structure of the periodic table
OF 2) Knowing the meaning of the different atomic properties (atomic radius, electronegativity,
electron affinity, atomization heat)
OF 3) Knowing the structure of the atomic nucleus
OF 4) Knowing the principles of solution equilibria
OF 5) Understanding the meaning of a conditional formation constant
OF 6) Knowing the reactivity of inorganic species in water
OF7) Knowing the meaning of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
B - Application skills
OF 8) Being able to illustrate the periodic behavior of the main atomic properties
OF 9) Being able to deduce the stability of an atomic nucleus from the number of protons and
neutrons
OF 10) Being able to algebraically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases
OF 11) Being able to graphically calculate the pH of strong and weak acids and bases and their
mixtures
OF 12) Being able to predict both algebraically and graphically the precipitation order between
different salts
OF 13) Being able to calculate the concentration of products and reactants of equilibrium
reactions
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 14) Being able to evaluate the main properties of an element basing on its position on the
periodic table
OF 15) Being able to design the synthesis of an atomic nucleus of assigned mass
OF 16) Be able to predict the displacement of an ionic equilibrium
D - Communication skills
OF 17) Being able to illustrate a distribution diagram
OF 18) Being able to illustrate the properties of the elements belonging to the various groups
OF 19) Being able to describe the production and reconstruction of a radiopharmaceutical
E - Ability to learn
OF 20) Having the ability to consult the literature on the topics covered in the course
OF 21) Having the ability to understand an analytical laboratory procedure based on ionic
equilibria in solution

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course of Drug Analysis with Laboratory will provide theoretical and practical knowledge about the identification of inorganic substances of medicinal and toxicological interest. The aim of the course is also to provide knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the medicinal and toxicological properties of the aforementioned substances.
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding of the student
The student will learn all the aspects concerning the reactions used for the separation and identification of the cations included in the 6 groups of the classic systematic analysis as well as the identification of anions from the so called “alkaline solution”. Moreover, the student will be able to apply theoretically/practically the concepts concerning the acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis, complexation, precipitation, redox reactions and to evaluate all the related interdependencies regarding the identification of inorganic compounds. No less important, the student will be able to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the medicinal and toxicological properties of inorganic cations and anions at molecular level.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student starting from a mixture of salts will recognize the cations and the anions contained in it through the application and interpretation of the specific chemical methods and essays of separation and recognition. He will know the chemical reactivity that is exploited for the separation and identification of the same, and he will also acquire the ability to understand / solve problems related to these essays. The knowledge of the properties and the reactivity of inorganic substances will allow the student to understand the biological, pharmacological, and toxicological functions of the substance. He will know the most widespread therapeutic problems and solutions available in the treatment of major diseases associated with deficiency or intoxication by inorganic substances.
3. Critical and judgmental skills (lab tests, written reports, etc.)
Lessons will be all interactive, in which the lecturer will ask the students continuous questions to stimulate them and develop their logical/critical thinking. These questions will also serve to evaluate and encourage students to make connections between the various topics of the course program, so as to master in the overall knowledge of the subject, but also to consider this course of Drug Analysis with Laboratory as an integral part and element of conjunction with other disciplines already studied (general and inorganic chemistry, physics, anatomy, biology) or to be attended in the future (biochemistry, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology).
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The evaluation of the student's progress will be carried out with a practical laboratory and an oral test. The first one will cover the topics of the laboratory course, while the second one will be focused on the entire course program. So, the ability of communication of the student with respect to what he has learned will be evaluated.
5. Ability to continue the study independently
The student will find the topics with the relative in-depth analysis treated in class on the recommended texts and on the material made available by the teacher. This research work will be useful in the future when the concepts imparted may have been forgotten. The texts and the material received will remain the reference point of the student who will know where to go to find in detail the notions that are forgotten.

Educational objectives

Acquaintance of the pathogenic microorganisms in humans.
Study of the relationships between host and pathogenic microorganisms in human infections and acquaintance of possible therapeutic and prophylactic approaches.
At the end of the course the student must demonstrate to have acquired the intinsic acquaintance of the pathogenic organisms that caused infections in human; he must know how to characterize the pathogenic relationships between host and organisms in human infections; he must know the ethiology and pathologic mechanisms of most important and frequent infection caused by microorganisms; he must be aware of the available means for the control of the diseases. Particular attention will be paid to gender diversity in response to infections; to vaccines; to translational research approaches for the identification of new antimicrobial drugs and vaccines.

Specific Objectives of the integrated course
Knowledge and understanding: passing the exam guarantees the understanding of the relationships between host and pathogenic microorganisms in human infections and acquaintance of possible therapeutic and prophylactic approaches; knowledge of the ethiology and pathologic mechanisms of most important and frequent infection caused by microorganisms. The student knows gender diversity in response to infections; to vaccines; to translational research approaches for the identification of new antimicrobial drugs and vaccines.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: passing the exam guarantees the ability to understand the ethiology and pathologic mechanisms of most important and frequent infection caused by microorganisms; know how to characterize the pathogenic relationships between host and organisms in human infections; the awareness of the available means for the control of the diseases.
Autonomy of judgment: passing the exam implies the ability to critically judge the the general characteristics of viruses that cause human diseases, the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, host antiviral defenses, diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Communication skills: passing the exam implies the ability to effectively use the communication tools of publications and scientific communications.
Learning skills: passing the exam implies the transversal learning capacity common to the logic of scientific investigation in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

LEARNING OUTCOMES
The course aims to provide a general understanding of the issues related to general and applied
hygiene and health management.
In particular, specific objectives of teaching are related to the acquired knowledge and skills, as
explained below.
A) Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, students have the basic knowledge related to:
1) historical evolution of the Italian National Health Service and current organizational structure,
especially in relation to the professional possibilities for the pharmacist;
2) epidemiological methodology and models of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of
infectious and chronic diseases;
3) contamination of environmental matrices: air, water, soil, food, the related short and long term
impact on human health, and tools for controlling and preventing diseases associated to the
environmental pollution.
B) Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the students are able to:
1) understand the organizational, political and operational modalities of the National Health
Service;
2) apply epidemiological methods to study the spread of infectious and chronic diseases within
communities;
3) use the health culture for evaluating and implementing the main strategies of primary, secondary
and tertiary prevention of infectious and chronic diseases;
4) know how to recognize the role of the environment in the determinism of certain pathologies.
C) Making judgements
At the end of the course the students are able to:
1) integrate the acquired epidemiological knowledge with the acquired knowledge through the other
courses in order to make an appropriate critical reading of the scientific publications;
2) integrate the acquired epidemiological knowledge with the acquired knowledge through the other
courses to make judgements about the methodologies and the results of scientific research;
3) integrate the knowledge acquired in relation to the prevention and control strategies of
communicable and non-communicable diseases with the knowledge acquired through the other
courses to formulate judgements and to recognize the priorities of research and intervention;
4) to formulate critical judgements about the public health management at local and national level;
5) to formulate critical judgements about the health organization at local and national level.
D) Communication skills
At the end of the course the students are able to:
1) discuss with specialists interlocutors of issues related to general and applied hygiene;
2) divulge knowledge about the main risk factors for public health to non-specialist interlocutors.
E) Learning skills
At the end of the course the students are able to:
1) obtain information on public health issues on the main electronic databases of biomedical
scientific literature;
2) obtain information on public health issues on the main national and international institutional
websites.

Educational objectives

General objectives
To provide in-depth knowledge on the biological basis of pathological manifestations of certain organs and
systems. To allow the understanding of the main etiologic agents active on the human organism and the
pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the diseases. The course also proposes to acquire the basic
knowledge of the pathophysiology of the main organ systems with the indispensable elements of medical
terminology and clinical laboratory diagnostics in order to provide an educational background that allows
access to the expected professional outlets.
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding of the student
At the end of the course the student will have obtained useful information to understand the pathogenetic
mechanisms of the main pathological manifestations.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to the alteration of homeostasis, the appearance
of the clinical manifestation of the disease as well as the knowledge of the corresponding medical
terminology and the ability to evaluate the main laboratory tests, will make the student:
-able to interpret the main laboratory analysis
- possessing the appropriate skills to carry out both activities within the NHS's local pharmaceutical services
and research activities;
- capable of independent judgment with reference to the evaluation, interpretation and reprocessing of
literature data;
- able to elaborate in a critical and autonomous way original ideas in a biomedical research context;
- able to communicate the acquired information to specialists and non-specialists in the field of medical and
pharmaceuticals sciences.
3. Critical and judgmental skills
During the lessons the students will be stimulated with questions in order to develop their critical sense
and will be asked to identify the links between the course content and what they have learned in previous
courses.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics
of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what he has learned.
5.Ability to continue the study independently
The recommended texts and the slides provided by the teacher will remain available to the student as an
useful tool to refresh in future the notions partially forgotten.

Educational objectives

General objectives
To provide in-depth knowledge on the biological basis of pathological manifestations of certain organs and
systems. To allow the understanding of the main etiologic agents active on the human organism and the
pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the diseases. The course also proposes to acquire the basic
knowledge of the pathophysiology of the main organ systems with the indispensable elements of medical
terminology and clinical laboratory diagnostics in order to provide an educational background that allows
access to the expected professional outlets.
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding of the student
At the end of the course the student will have obtained useful information to understand the pathogenetic
mechanisms of the main pathological manifestations.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to the alteration of homeostasis, the appearance
of the clinical manifestation of the disease as well as the knowledge of the corresponding medical
terminology and the ability to evaluate the main laboratory tests, will make the student:
-able to interpret the main laboratory analysis
- possessing the appropriate skills to carry out both activities within the NHS's local pharmaceutical services
and research activities;
- capable of independent judgment with reference to the evaluation, interpretation and reprocessing of
literature data;
- able to elaborate in a critical and autonomous way original ideas in a biomedical research context;
- able to communicate the acquired information to specialists and non-specialists in the field of medical and
pharmaceuticals sciences.
3. Critical and judgmental skills
During the lessons the students will be stimulated with questions in order to develop their critical sense
and will be asked to identify the links between the course content and what they have learned in previous
courses.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics
of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what he has learned.
5.Ability to continue the study independently
The recommended texts and the slides provided by the teacher will remain available to the student as an
useful tool to refresh in future the notions partially forgotten.

Educational objectives

General objectives
To provide in-depth knowledge on the biological basis of pathological manifestations of certain organs and
systems. To allow the understanding of the main etiologic agents active on the human organism and the
pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the diseases. The course also proposes to acquire the basic
knowledge of the pathophysiology of the main organ systems with the indispensable elements of medical
terminology and clinical laboratory diagnostics in order to provide an educational background that allows
access to the expected professional outlets.
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding of the student
At the end of the course the student will have obtained useful information to understand the pathogenetic
mechanisms of the main pathological manifestations.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to the alteration of homeostasis, the appearance
of the clinical manifestation of the disease as well as the knowledge of the corresponding medical
terminology and the ability to evaluate the main laboratory tests, will make the student:
-able to interpret the main laboratory analysis
- possessing the appropriate skills to carry out both activities within the NHS's local pharmaceutical services
and research activities;
- capable of independent judgment with reference to the evaluation, interpretation and reprocessing of
literature data;
- able to elaborate in a critical and autonomous way original ideas in a biomedical research context;
- able to communicate the acquired information to specialists and non-specialists in the field of medical and
pharmaceuticals sciences.
3. Critical and judgmental skills
During the lessons the students will be stimulated with questions in order to develop their critical sense
and will be asked to identify the links between the course content and what they have learned in previous
courses.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
The evaluation of the student's study will be carried out with an oral exam, which will focus on all the topics
of the program, testing the student's communication skills with respect to what he has learned.
5.Ability to continue the study independently
The recommended texts and the slides provided by the teacher will remain available to the student as an
useful tool to refresh in future the notions partially forgotten.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between the structure and the function of biological molecules, the cellular signalling pathways and cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Learning of the relationship between the structure and the function of main biological molecules such as proteins, glucids, lipis, nucleic acids and vitamins.
Learning of the main metabolisms of nucleic acids and the relationship between genome-proteome.
Learning of the main metabolic pathways and their regulation, and of the mechanisms of some cell signalling transduction.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular physiopathology and the molecular activity of natural or synthetic pharmacological agents.

Making judgements
During the course students will be trained in oral or written tests with the aim to develop their communication skills and to verify their learning.

Educational objectives

This course provides the student with the theoretical knowledge and technical skills to perform drug
analysis and identification through analytical chemistry and spectroscopic methods.
By completing Drug Analysis I, the student acquires:
1. Theoretical knowledge of the most common methods of separating and purifying chemical
substances, of the most common instrumental chemical analysis techniques to determine

physicochemical measurements and of qualitative chemical structural analyses including
molecular spectroscopy through theoretical lecture-based classes and video viewing.
2. The ability to apply that theoretical knowledge. The student attends individual teaching
laboratory lectures where he applies purification and identification methods to
pharmaceutical substances. Moreover, the student attends additional group work exercises in
which he practices on how to read infrared and NMR spectra to identify chemical
substances.
3. Self-direction and to act independently to a level where the student has a practical
understanding of the learned techniques. At the end of the teaching laboratory lectures, the
student has to identify and characterize unknown chemical substances given in the
Pharmacopeia.
4. Written and oral communications skills, to a level where the student can clearly
communicate the conclusions of a chemical and spectroscopic analysis. This is evaluated
during both the group work exercises and the final test.
5. To develop subject-related practical and cognitive skills. The course provides the student
with the core elements for both further courses and the final test of the Pharmacy program.

Educational objectives

Medicinal and Toxicological Chemistry I
Aim of the subject is to provide the student with the rational basis of Medicinal chemistry
and give him the specific chemical knowledge of the drug therapeutic activity. The subject consists in
two sections including general medicinal chemistry and systematic medicinal chemistry. The general
section analyses the concepts, the strategy of the drug design and discovery for marketplace and the
rules of systematic naming of drugs. Knowledge of pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic phases allows
to understand the drug route inside the human body from absorption to distribution. The
pharmacodynamics phase analyses the different drug targets, and tries to explain the binding
interactions of the drug with the molecular target. The medicinal chemistry systematic section
consists in the description of natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents, including sulphamidics,
quinolones, nitrochemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis,
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenams, antibiotics inhibitors of ribosome, aminoglycosides,
macrolides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ansamicyns; antifungal agents, antimycobacterial agents,
antivirals, anticancer drugs, antinfective agents, and drugs of the gastrointestinal tract. Inside each
drug class, the study of the drug discovery and development processes, the mechanism of action at
molecular level, the structure-activity relationships, the metabolism and the synthesis of selected
drugs play key roles. The learning route leads the student to manage the chemical knowledge of the

drug action. The student can understand the drug distribution inside the human body, the drug
interaction with the target and the drug metabolism. The subject provides the student with basis at
chemical level of the drug action of each drug class, the chemical manipulation to expand the
spectrum of activity, to improve efficacy and tolerability.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with basic knowledge on various aspects of general
pharmacology. Through lectures, the course aims to increase knowledge and
understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the drug's path in the body from
administration to elimination, therapeutic effects, and toxic responses to drugs. The
course also includes an introduction to anti-infective chemotherapy, focused on the study
of antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and antifungal drugs.
Specific objectives
At the end of the course the student will know and understand: the fundamental
mechanisms that regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; the main factors
responsible for variability in the response to drugs; how drugs interact with
neurotrasmitters.
The assimilated knowledge can be applied for the resolution of various problems
concerning the use of drugs and for the understanding of the contents of the Special
Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy course.
Students will acquire the ability to critically deal with topics related to current
pharmacological issues. These objectives will be achieved through lectures that involve the
use of power point, database (es. PubMed) and projections of short movies related to
pharmacological issue that can stimulate the critical sense. All these tools will be used to
promote interactive discussions in the classroom. Discussions among students will be
stimukates in order to improve the ability to communicate with language properties what
has been learned.
At the end of the course the student will have acquired useful cognitive tools to

understand the properties of different drugs autonomously and independently and for a
continuous updating of the knowledge of the sector.

Educational objectives

Aim of this course is to provide the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical technology concerning both conventional and innovative drug delivery systems. The students will acquire also the fundamentals on CEE pharmaceutical laws with particular regard to the dispensing of the drug and the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical compounding of the most common solid, semisolid and liquid dosage forms and their control, according to Official Pharmacopeia.

Educational objectives

Aim of this course is to provide the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical technology concerning both conventional and innovative drug delivery systems. The students will acquire also the fundamentals on CEE pharmaceutical laws with particular regard to the dispensing of the drug and the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical compounding of the most common solid, semisolid and liquid dosage forms and their control, according to Official Pharmacopeia.

Educational objectives

Aim of this course is to provide the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical technology concerning both conventional and innovative drug delivery systems. The students will acquire also the fundamentals on CEE pharmaceutical laws with particular regard to the dispensing of the drug and the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical compounding of the most common solid, semisolid and liquid dosage forms and their control, according to Official Pharmacopeia.

Educational objectives

General Aims
The student will know the classes of the drugs described (hormones, drugs for nervous system, anti-histamines, local anesthetic, drugs for cardiovascoular system) with particular reference to their structures, the drug discovery process, structure-activity relationships, molecular modification leading to modification of duration of action and administration route, molecular mechanism of action, binding mode, metabolism. The student will also know examples of synthetic pathway for a few drugs described within the lectures, with particular attention to the cost of production of the drug.

Specific Aims
1. Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1)
The students will know and will be able to understand all aspects about hormeones and hormonoids, drugs for man’s and woman’s health, drugs acting on autonomic nervous system (adrenergic and cholinergic), drugs for nervous system depressant (drugs for general anaesthesia, ansiolitic, hypnotic and sedative agents, anticonvulsant, anti-Parkinson, neuroleptic agents), narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics, stimulats agents (analeptics , antidepressant) local anaestetics, cardiovascular drugs (analeptics, antiarrhythmics, coronary dilatators, aardiotonic, antihypertensive, diuretic, hypolipidemic agents).

2. Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 2)
At the end of the course the student, applying the aquired knowledge, will be able to identify a drug placing it ina a specific therapeutic class, to evaluate the structural modification useful to improve (or decrease) the activity, modulate the absorption, and the lifetime. The student will be able to plan a synthesis of a specific drug, to apply his/her knowledge to hypotesize the binding mode of a specific drug with its receptor.

(Dublin descriptors 3,4,5 – soft skills)

3. Making judgements
At the end of the course the student will be able to evaluate the appropriate choise of a drug based on its structure. This critical and judgement ability, will be obtained thanks to continuous interactivity hold during the course. In fact the teacher will ask questions very frequently to stimulate students to link the actual topics to all the topics studied up to that time, so that the study will not be isolated, but integrated matter with the aquired knowledge. At the end of the course the stundent will hold a presentation about an innovative recent drug.

4. Communication skills
Judgment of the student study will be realized by oral exame about all the program topics, testing the communications ability of the student about the matter.

5. Learning skills
The student will find details of lessons on the suggested textbooks and in the scientific literature and will have ability to use them to pursue an indipendent preparation. This will be useful to teh studento to find again topics of the matter also in future time when the memory of the concepts described in the lesson room will be softer. The textbooks will remain the benchmark for student that will be able to find again details of forgotten notions.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and practical knowledge related to drug
dosage; in addition, the course provides information on the pharmaceutical and toxicological
properties of drugs
Specific objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to use the method of analysis proposed by the FU, for the dosing of a
drug. Furthermore it will be able to treat the sample to be subjected, depending on the
pharmaceutical form. He will also be able to use the instruments used in the quantitative
laboratory.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to analyze the sample consisting of an active
ingredient contained in a drug by selecting the most suitable method to obtain reproducible
results. To this end, knowledge of the chemical structure and reactivity of organic molecules will
be fundamental for the selection of the method itself (analysis based on acid-base reactions;
analysis based on redox reactions; analysis based on the formation of a precipitate; analysis based
on the formation of complex); The experience of practical laboratory exercises will allow the
student to learn to apply and observe what has already been discussed during the lectures. The
knowledge of the properties and reactivity of organic substances will allow the student not only to
understand the functions of biological, pharmacological and toxicological interest expressed by
these substances, but also to design and / or identify possible approaches for the resolution of
related problems. The knowledge of the most widespread diseases together with the knowledge
of drugs, from a pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological point of view, will make the
student skilled and intuitive in the rational choice / advice of these drugs in the field of human
health.
3. Autonomy of judgment
The teacher will stimulate students to develop the logical-critical sense by giving interactive
lessons, through frequent questions during the lesson, with the aim of inducing them to acquire
the ability to connect the various concepts defined in the program, of mastery of the subject, but
also to consider the study of the analysis of Medicinal II as an integral part of other disciplines
already studied (general and inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and the
analytics acquired in previous years). The teacher periodically proposes to the students of the days
defined "question time" in which some students will ask for clarifications about the topics treated
previously and other students will try to give the answer, in this way a contradictory is created,
among the students, at the end of which the teacher will re-explain the topics that are less clear or
in any case those solicited by the students. At the end of the course the students will be able to
formulate an analytical / critical judgment, interpret and correlate complex concepts, design a
research concerning the topics covered in order to broaden scientific, ethical and social
knowledge.
4. Communication skills

Through the acquisition of knowledge and understanding, of the ability to apply them and to
propose a critical judgment on the topics dealt with, but also through the use of the relative
scientific language used by the teacher during the course and the frequent stimulation to the
communication of what was learned in lesson, the student will be able to communicate with
cognitive and linguistic-perceptive depth with his / her peers and / or belonging to an inherent
scientific and social community or of different cultural background.
5. Learning skills
The student who has acquired the abilities described above may be able to undertake future
studies in a more autonomous, self-managed and rapid manner, but also to propose thematic
social and / or work contexts useful to the scientific progress of society in the field of human health.

Educational objectives

The general objective of the course of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy is to provide the student, at the
completion of the course, the concepts concerning the composition and effects of “drugs” (biologically
active substances of natural origin), their preparations and the active ingredients contained in them. The
student, based on the acquired skills, will thus be able to correctly use natural products in the
therapeutic field, as well as dietary supplements or in the pharmaceutical industry. These objectives will
be achieved through the co-ordinated integration of lectures and practical activity of comparison and
analysis, in which particular attention is devoted to the effectiveness and safety of use of herbal
preparations.
Specific objectives of the course of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy are the acquisition, by the student,
of transversal skills, related to detailed knowledge of different aspects of herbal drugs. In particular: their
morphological characters, identification methods, possible sophistication, chemical composition, the
pharmacological activity, the practical uses, the possible pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic
interactions with drugs, foods, etc. and any undesired or toxic effects.
The skills that will be acquired, also through classroom exercises dedicated to specific insights, concern
the exercise of critical skills and judgment on the real effectiveness and safety of use of commercial
products containing medicinal plants. These skills will contribute to the preparation by the student, not
only to communicate what has been learned, but also to continue the study and the related in-depth
analysis of the subject. The communication skills and the applicative autonomy (in the real life) of the
concepts learned and the related objectives achieved, will also be made possible by the tools that will be
provided to the student during the course, including scientific documentation to refer to, institutional
and non-profit scientific associations websites, industry databases, etc., in addition to reference teaching
texts.

Educational objectives

The general aim of this course is to provide students with adequate training in the principles and areas of toxicology
and pharmacovigilance. At the end of the course, students will have adequate knowledge of i) the molecular targets
and mechanisms of action of toxicants, ii) toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, iii) experimental methods for
evaluating drug toxicity, iv) toxic effects of drugs, pharmaceuticals, environmental and occupational toxicants, v)
methods for monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions, vi) elements necessary for toxicological risk
assessment and risk management. Students will be trained to acquire specific professional skills related to
environmental, drug, cosmetic and food safety. During the course, judgment skills will be frequently assessed
through timely and ongoing interaction throughout the course, including to assess students' communication skills. In
addition, students will receive extensive instruction in the use of scientific databases and websites of public or
private organizations in the field of toxicology to develop the skills necessary for their independent continuing
education in the field.