corso|33457

Educational objectives

Specific Objectives
The course introduces the fundamentals of programming in Python, focusing on problem-solving, algorithmic thinking, and data manipulation. Through practical exercises, students learn to design functions, use core data structures, handle files, and apply object-oriented principles.

Knowledge and understanding

By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge in the following areas:

Fundamental concepts of programming using Python
Basic data types, variables, operators, and expressions
Control flow structures including conditional statements and loops
Core data structures: strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries
File handling and text encoding
Concepts and implementation of functions, including recursion and optional parameters
Object-oriented programming: classes, objects, special methods, and encapsulation
Use of exceptions and error handling to build robust programs
Introduction to image processing using RGB matrices and external libraries

Applying knowledge and understanding

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Write, debug, and execute Python programs to solve algorithmic problems
Design and implement functions with appropriate control flow
Apply data structures appropriately in programming tasks
Read from and write to text and image files
Develop small software modules that manipulate structured data and perform automated computation
Create simple image processing pipelines using matrix manipulation

Critical and judgmental skills

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Analyze code behavior and identify logical or syntactic errors
Assess the suitability of data structures and programming paradigms for solving specific problems

Communication skills

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Clearly explain their code and reasoning using proper programming terminology
Document their programs effectively using comments
Interpret and describe the output of a program or algorithm to both technical and non-technical audiences

Learning skills

The student should be able to:

Continue learning programming independently beyond the course using online documentation, tutorials, and references
Approach new programming challenges with a structured and modular problem-solving mindset
Critically reflect on their own code and improve it iteratively
Collaborate with peers during exercises, communicating their ideas clearly and constructively

Educational objectives

The Physics course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge of physics necessary to understand the main physical phenomena and to become familiar with correct scientific notation. Students will learn to express and explain physical laws using appropriate symbols and consistent units for the physical quantities involved.
By the end of the course, students will be able to solve fundamental physics problems, calculate the required quantities using elementary algebraic tools and basic trigonometric functions, and correctly express the results with the appropriate units of measurement.
The program is structured into the following modules:
Part 1 – Basic Mechanics
Total: 8 hours
Physical quantities, units of measurement, and the SI system. Scalars and vectors. Kinematics and dynamics of a point mass: motion in one and two dimensions, Newton's laws. Work, energy, and conservation of energy.
Part 2 – System Dynamics and Human Body Statics
Total: 8 hours
Momentum and its conservation in systems. Center of mass and dynamics of extended bodies. Static equilibrium of solid bodies, torque, and its applications to human body statics. Statics and dynamics of fluids.
Part 3 – Biological Fluid Dynamics and the Circulatory System
Total: 8 hours
Fluid motion, continuity equation, and Bernoulli's law. Circulation: the heart as a pump, stenosis, aneurysm, and TIA. Real fluids: laminar and turbulent flow, Hagen-Poiseuille's law. Blood pressure, cardiac work, surface tension, Laplace's law, and applications to the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Part 4 – Thermodynamics and Wave Phenomena
Total: 8 hours
Mechanical waves and their propagation; temperature, thermal equilibrium, and thermal expansion; gas laws and the ideal gas model; heat, internal energy, specific heat, and heat conduction; the first and second laws of thermodynamics; entropy, metabolism, and the thermodynamic cycle of the heart.
Part 5 – Electrostatics, Circuits, and Electrophysiology
Total: 8 hours
Electric charge, electric field, Coulomb's and Gauss's laws. Conductors, insulators, and electric potential. Capacitors and dielectrics. Electric current, Ohm's law, resistance, and electric circuits. Cardiac electrophysiology: ECG. Magnetism: magnetic fields, Biot–Savart's law, Ampère's law, Faraday's and Lenz's laws. Time-varying electric and magnetic fields.
Part 6 – Electromagnetic Waves and Optics
Total: 8 hours
Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic spectrum and medical applications: oximetry, thermography, and X-ray imaging. Geometrical optics: reflection, refraction, mirrors, and lenses. The human eye, corrective lenses, optical fibers, and endoscopy.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The general objective is to achieve mastery of the basic concepts and laws of general chemistry and their applications; the ability to perform stoichiometric calculations.
Specific objectives
1. Student knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have the basic knowledge regarding atomic structure, weight ratios, chemical bond, states of aggregation, fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, gas phase and solution equilibria, acids and bases, redox reactions and equilibria of solubility.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student will acquire the general basics of chemistry preparatory to subsequent courses and see them applied in numerous examples.
3. Critical and judgmental skills (laboratory tests, written reports, etc.)
During the lessons, the teacher will ask questions to stimulate the student to actively participate, to look for links between the various topics covered, and to critically evaluate the acquired knowledge.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
During the exam, the student's ability to clearly and comprehensively communicate the concepts acquired will be tested.
5. Ability to study independently
In the recommended textbooks and scientific papers, the student will be able to deepen what they have learned in class.

Titolo dell’insegnamento: Fundamentals of Microbiology (Prof.ssa Daniela Scribano)
Learning outcomes
The course aims to illustrate the structure, physiology, and functions of microorganisms, as well as the mechanisms underlying genetic variability and adaptation. Particular attention is devoted to understanding the interactions between microorganisms and hosts, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and activation of the immune response. The course also covers major molecular and cellular biology techniques used to study microorganisms.

Specific Objectives

Knowledge and understanding
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge in the following areas:
Structure and physiology of prokaryotic cells
Principles of classification, taxonomy, diversity, and molecular evolution of microorganisms
Modes of prokaryotic replication and techniques to control and measure microbial growth
Mechanisms of action of major antibiotics and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Mechanisms of pathogenicity and bacterial virulence factors
Structure and replication of viruses and bacteriophages
Biology of major bacterial species of clinical relevance
Biology of major viruses of clinical relevance
Principles of molecular and cellular biology for the study of microorganisms
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
Integrate the knowledge acquired in the Fundamentals of Microbiology course with that gained from other courses in the degree program;
Understand the structure and physiology of microorganisms for the study of innovative applications in the field of microbiology;
Understand the main mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity for the study of antimicrobial strategies;
Understand and describe key technologies in the field of microbiology.
Critical and judgmental skills
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
Interpret experimental data from scientific articles;
Formulate judgements in professional contexts and for various purposes within the field of microbiology.
Communication skills
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
Communicate the acquired knowledge in professional contexts and for various purposes, using appropriate language (correct use of technical and scientific terminology);
Present data from scientific literature.
Learning skills
The student should be able to build their own path of scientific growth in a critical and independent manner, being able to correctly use the study materials provided by the instructor as well as additional resources they may find on their own. These skills will be encouraged by the instructor, as much as possible, through in-depth discussions proposed during the lessons.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The general objective is to achieve mastery of the basic concepts and laws of general chemistry and their applications; the ability to perform stoichiometric calculations.
Specific objectives
1. Student knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have the basic knowledge regarding atomic structure, weight ratios, chemical bond, states of aggregation, fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, gas phase and solution equilibria, acids and bases, redox reactions and equilibria of solubility.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student will acquire the general basics of chemistry preparatory to subsequent courses and see them applied in numerous examples.
3. Critical and judgmental skills (laboratory tests, written reports, etc.)
During the lessons, the teacher will ask questions to stimulate the student to actively participate, to look for links between the various topics covered, and to critically evaluate the acquired knowledge.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
During the exam, the student's ability to clearly and comprehensively communicate the concepts acquired will be tested.
5. Ability to study independently
In the recommended textbooks and scientific papers, the student will be able to deepen what they have learned in class.

Educational objectives

General objectives
The general objective is to achieve mastery of the basic concepts and laws of general chemistry and their applications; the ability to perform stoichiometric calculations.
Specific objectives
1. Student knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have the basic knowledge regarding atomic structure, weight ratios, chemical bond, states of aggregation, fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, gas phase and solution equilibria, acids and bases, redox reactions and equilibria of solubility.
2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student will acquire the general basics of chemistry preparatory to subsequent courses and see them applied in numerous examples.
3. Critical and judgmental skills (laboratory tests, written reports, etc.)
During the lessons, the teacher will ask questions to stimulate the student to actively participate, to look for links between the various topics covered, and to critically evaluate the acquired knowledge.
4. Ability to communicate what has been learned
During the exam, the student's ability to clearly and comprehensively communicate the concepts acquired will be tested.
5. Ability to study independently
In the recommended textbooks and scientific papers, the student will be able to deepen what they have learned in class.

Titolo dell’insegnamento: Fundamentals of Microbiology (Prof.ssa Daniela Scribano)
Learning outcomes
The course aims to illustrate the structure, physiology, and functions of microorganisms, as well as the mechanisms underlying genetic variability and adaptation. Particular attention is devoted to understanding the interactions between microorganisms and hosts, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and activation of the immune response. The course also covers major molecular and cellular biology techniques used to study microorganisms.

Specific Objectives

Knowledge and understanding
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge in the following areas:
Structure and physiology of prokaryotic cells
Principles of classification, taxonomy, diversity, and molecular evolution of microorganisms
Modes of prokaryotic replication and techniques to control and measure microbial growth
Mechanisms of action of major antibiotics and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Mechanisms of pathogenicity and bacterial virulence factors
Structure and replication of viruses and bacteriophages
Biology of major bacterial species of clinical relevance
Biology of major viruses of clinical relevance
Principles of molecular and cellular biology for the study of microorganisms
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
Integrate the knowledge acquired in the Fundamentals of Microbiology course with that gained from other courses in the degree program;
Understand the structure and physiology of microorganisms for the study of innovative applications in the field of microbiology;
Understand the main mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity for the study of antimicrobial strategies;
Understand and describe key technologies in the field of microbiology.
Critical and judgmental skills
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
Interpret experimental data from scientific articles;
Formulate judgements in professional contexts and for various purposes within the field of microbiology.
Communication skills
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
Communicate the acquired knowledge in professional contexts and for various purposes, using appropriate language (correct use of technical and scientific terminology);
Present data from scientific literature.
Learning skills
The student should be able to build their own path of scientific growth in a critical and independent manner, being able to correctly use the study materials provided by the instructor as well as additional resources they may find on their own. These skills will be encouraged by the instructor, as much as possible, through in-depth discussions proposed during the lessons.

Educational objectives

Students who pass the exam will be able to understand the fundamental principles of
organic chemistry the spatial arrangement of carbonaceous structures, and to assign the name to the simplest ones
according to IUPAC nomenclature. They can represent structures graphically using the
most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereogenic centres.
They will be able to know the reactivity of functional groups according to the general scheme of
main reaction mechanisms.
Given the type of basic training activity of this module, students who have passed the exam
they will be able to undertake the study of other basic and characterising training activities
included in the degree course.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a general overview of the chemistry of food and natural products. The student-based learning objectives include knowledge on primary and secondary metabolism (in vivo presence, structure, biosynthesis, properties, and applications), the chemical composition of food (macro- and micronutrients and secondary metabolites), the impact of chemical compounds on food properties, and the main transformation processes during processing and storage.

Educational objectives

Students who pass the exam will understand foodstuffs' chemical and nutritional characteristics and the fundamental interactions between food components. They will also know the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of nutrients and be able to describe the chemical and nutritional composition of the main food products.
They can apply their knowledge to describe plant-based and animal-based foods' chemical and nutritional aspects, predict possible reactions during processing and storage, and evaluate the quality and safety of raw materials and finished products.
Students will develop critical judgment skills in assessing analytical data and food regulations and evaluating the nutritional composition of foods. They will also be able to discuss current issues in food chemistry, fostering their ability to reason, argue, and communicate scientific topics clearly and effectively.
They will acquire fundamental written and oral communication skills to describe foods' macro- and micronutrient composition, the changes occurring during processing and storage, the most common food adulterations, and the main analytical methods for food quality and safety control.
Given the basic and characterizing training activity of this module, students who have passed the exam can study other basic and characterizing training activities included in the degree program, particularly those concerning food technology, nutrition, and food safety.
Students who complete the examination will understand the chemical and nutritional characteristics of foodstuffs and the fundamental interactions among food components. They will gain insight into the mechanisms underpinning nutrient degradation and be equipped to delineate principal food products' chemical and nutritional composition.
In addition, students will be adept at applying their knowledge to articulate the chemical and nutritional dimensions of plant- and animal-derived foods. They will be able to anticipate potential reactions that may occur during processing and storage and evaluate the quality and safety of raw materials and final products.
Through this course, students will cultivate critical judgment skills essential for assessing analytical data and food regulations and evaluating the nutritional composition of various food items. They will engage in discussions surrounding contemporary issues in food chemistry, enhancing their capacity for reasoning, argumentation, and effective communication of scientific topics.
Moreover, students will acquire essential written and oral communication skills necessary to articulate foods' macro- and micronutrient profiles. These transformations occur during processing and storage, standard food adulteration practices, and the primary analytical methods employed to control food quality and safety.
Considering this module's foundational and specialized nature, students who pass the examination will be well-prepared to pursue further studies in other foundational and specialized training activities within the degree program, particularly those related to food technology, nutrition, and food safety.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course, the student will be able to: Knowledge and understanding Describe the chemical-physical properties of the main biomolecules: amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids.Explain the molecular bases of bioenergetics and the main laws of thermodynamics applied to biological systems.Understand the organization and function of biological membranes and the mechanisms of solute transport. Understand the role and function of enzymes, including enzyme kinetics, mechanisms of inhibition and allosteric regulation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:Apply theoretical knowledge to interpret the behavior of biomolecules in different biological and experimental contexts.Understand and describe the purification and analysis techniques of proteins and nucleic acids (e.g. chromatography, electrophoresis). Autonomy of judgment Critically evaluate simple biochemical data resulting from experiments or simulations.Distinguish the structural and functional characteristics of biomolecules according to their biological role.
Communication skills:Communicate the fundamental concepts of biochemistry with appropriate technical language to both specialist and non-specialist interlocutors.
Learning skills:Acquire an independent study method useful for tackling subsequent disciplines such as clinical biochemistry, molecular biology or pharmacology.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes
Main goal of the course is to give to the students a general view of the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the biological processes. For each argument a methodological section will introduce the students to the main technical approaches used at the state of the art. Practical training (2 CFU) will make the students to breath the atmosphere of a molecular biology laboratory. Particular attention will be given to the high throughput methods utilized in “Omic” approaches to the comprehension of biological processes.
General aims:
The course is focused on the deep connection between DNA and protein structure and their functions. The student will learn the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the processes of Replication, Recombination, Transcription, DNA repair, RNA processing and splicing, protein Sythesis and their regulatory circuits.

Specific Objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding: The student should learn the basic molecular mechanisms of the cellular omeostasis and gene regulation and the most used techniques of Molecular Biology.
2. Ability to apply Knowledge and understanding: The student should be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of recent arguments of general interest in Molecular Biology research.
3. Critical Judgement abilities: The student should demonstrate critical judgement abilities in solving problems related to theoretical and practical Molecular Biology projects and should communicate his conclusions to the colleagues and to the teacher in an effective way.
4.Communication skills: the student should demonstrate to be able to apply the learned concepts to his future work in molecular biologyLearning outcomes
General objectives

Educational objectives

Main goal of the course is to give to the students a general view of the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the biological processes. For each argument a methodological section will introduce the students to the main technical approaches used at the state of the art. Practical training (2 CFU) will make the students to breath the atmosphere of a molecular biology laboratory. Particular attention will be given to the high throughput methods utilized in “Omic” approaches to the comprehension of biological processes.
General aims:
The course is focused on the deep connection between DNA and protein structure and their functions. The student will learn the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the processes of Replication, Recombination, Transcription, DNA repair, RNA processing and splicing, protein Sythesis and their regulatory circuits.

Specific aims:
1. Knowledge and understanding: The student should learn the basic molecular mechanisms of the cellular omeostasis and gene regulation and the most used techniques of Molecular Biology.
2. Ability to apply Knowledge and understanding: The student should be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of recent arguments of general interest in Molecular Biology research.
3. Critical Judgement abilities: The student should demonstrate critical judgement abilities in solving problems related to theoretical and practical Molecular Biology projects and should communicate his conclusions to the colleagues and to the teacher in an effective way.
4. the student should demonstrate to be able to apply the learned concepts to his future work in molecular biology

Educational objectives

General objectives

The course aims to provide the student with the theoretical skills of "Fundamentals of Chemical Biology" through lectures. At the end of the integrated course, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired the specific objectives as follows:

Knowledge and understanding: the development of the knowledge defined in the educational objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures supported by seminars.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the theoretical knowledge acquired through the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course program.
Critical and judgmental skills: the study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to be able to independently and critically evaluate concepts presented and to carry out further literature searches to integrate the knowledge.
Communication skills: drafting of a summary of a recent scientific article related to the concept of "Chemical Biology I" together with continuous dialogue with the teacher and other students during the course, will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the various experiments, also favoring the use of a suitable technical scientific language.
Learning skills: the lectures enable the student to create a solid foundation in terms of knowledge of "Chemical Biology I". The integration of this theoretical knowledge with current scientific literature will favor an increase in the autonomy of the evaluation of scientific concepts based on the literature consulted by drawing on reference texts and bibliography, in English.

Educational objectives

General objectives

The course aims to provide the student with the theoretical skills of "Fundamentals of Chemical Biology" through lectures. At the end of the integrated course, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired the specific objectives as follows:

Knowledge and understanding: the development of the knowledge defined in the educational objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures supported by seminars.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the theoretical knowledge acquired through the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course program.
Critical and judgmental skills: the study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to be able to independently and critically evaluate concepts presented and to carry out further literature searches to integrate the knowledge.
Communication skills: drafting of a summary of a recent scientific article related to the concept of "Chemical Biology I" together with continuous dialogue with the teacher and other students during the course, will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the various experiments, also favoring the use of a suitable technical scientific language.
Learning skills: the lectures enable the student to create a solid foundation in terms of knowledge of "Chemical Biology I". The integration of this theoretical knowledge with current scientific literature will favor an increase in the autonomy of the evaluation of scientific concepts based on the literature consulted by drawing on reference texts and bibliography, in English.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide the student with the theoretical skills of "Fundamentals of Chemical Biology" through lectures. At the end of the integrated course, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired the following objectives:
Specific Objectives:
1. Knowledge and understanding (Dublin 1): the development of the knowledge defined in the educational objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures supported by seminars.
2. Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin 2): the theoretical knowledge acquired through the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course program indicated below.
3. Making judgments (Dublin 3): the study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to be able to independently and critically evaluate concepts presented and to carry out further literature searches to integrate the knowledge.
4. Communication skills (Dublin 4): drafting of a summary of a recent scientific article related to the concept of "Chemical Biology" together with continuous dialogue with the teacher and other students during the course, will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the various experiments, also favoring the use of a suitable technical scientific language
5. Learning skills (Dublin 5): The lectures enable the student to create a solid foundation in terms of knowledge of "Chemical Biology". The integration of this theoretical knowledge with current scientific literature will favor an increase in the autonomy of the evaluation of scientific concepts based on the literature consulted by drawing on reference texts and bibliography, in English.

Educational objectives

Students will learn how to design efficient algorithms to solve many important and common computational tasks.

Knowledge and understanding

By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge in the following areas:

Fundamental concepts of algorithms
pseudocode
Basic data types, variables,
Control flow structures
Data structures: strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries
Research algorithms
Sorting algorithms
Recursion
RAM model
Dictionaries

Applying knowledge and understanding

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Write and understand principal algorithms
Design and implement functions with appropriate control flow
Apply data structures appropriately in programming tasks

Critical and judgmental skills

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Analyze algorithms and identify logical or syntactic errors
Design principal types of algorithms

Communication skills
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

Clearly explain their code and reasoning using proper programming terminology
Document their programs effectively using comments
Interpret and describe the output of a algorithm to both technical and non-technical audiences

Learning skills
The student should be able to:

Continue learning programming independently beyond the course using online documentation, tutorials, and references
Approach new programming challenges with a structured and modular problem-solving mindset
Critically reflect on their own code and improve it iteratively
Collaborate with peers during exercises, communicating their ideas clearly and constructively

Educational objectives

The course introduces students to the fundamental principles of general and human genetics, with an emphasis on genome structure and function, population-level variation, modern bioinformatic approaches and the molecular bases of human hereditary disease. At the end of the course students will have a unified view of how genetic information is organised, transmitted, analysed and interpreted in humans, and how these concepts translate into research, clinical and forensic contexts. The student will also be provided with practical and theoretical tools to solve genetic problems and to use databases for storage, management, analysis, and visualization of big genetic data.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes
General objectives
The course aims to provide the student with the theoretical skills of Principles of Medicinal Chemistry through lectures and seminars. At the end of the integrated course, the student must demonstrate that he/she has acquired the following objectives:

Specific Objectives

Knowledge and understanding
The development of the knowledge defined in the learning objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures supported by seminars.
Applying knowledge and understanding
The theoretical knowledge acquired during the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course programme above.
Critical and judgmental skills
The study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to independently and critically evaluate the concepts presented and to carry out further bibliographic research to supplement knowledge.
Communication skills
The writing of a summary of a recent scientific article related to the concept of 'Medicinal Chemistry', together with continuous discussion with the lecturer and other students during the course, will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the various experiments, while also favouring the use of suitable technical, scientific language
Learning skills
Lectures enable the student to create a solid foundation in terms of knowledge of "Medicinal Chemistry". The integration of this theoretical knowledge with current scientific literature will foster an increase in the autonomy to evaluate scientific concepts based on the literature consulted by drawing on reference texts and bibliography in English.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a general overview of the chemistry of food and natural products. The student-based learning objectives include knowledge on primary and secondary metabolism (in vivo presence, structure, biosynthesis, properties, and applications), the chemical composition of food (macro- and micronutrients and secondary metabolites), the impact of chemical compounds on food properties, and the main transformation processes during processing and storage.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide a general overview of the chemistry of natural products. After having addressed the study of primary metabolites; it focuses on secondary metabolites (in vivo presence, structure, biosynthesis, properties and applications).

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes
The course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry covers a wide range of topics related to the chemical processes within living organisms, with a particular focus on the biochemical aspects relevant to clinical medicine and diagnosis. The topics covered include the following:
Introduction to Biochemistry: This section covers the basic principles of biochemistry, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These topics are prerequisites of the Course. Students learn about biochemical pathways and cellular processes that are essential for life.
Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics: This part focuses on the properties of enzymes, their mechanism of action, factors influencing enzyme activity, and enzyme kinetics. Understanding enzymes is crucial for comprehending metabolic pathways and their regulation.
Bioorganic Chemistry: Understanding the mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and designing enzyme inhibitors or mimics for therapeutic purposes. This includes investigating the interactions between small molecules and biological systems to elucidate cellular processes and develop new drugs or chemical tools for biological research.
Metabolism: Metabolic pathways are extensively covered, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic regulation. Students learn about the interconnections between different pathways and how they contribute to energy production and biosynthesis.
Biochemical Techniques: This section introduces students to common laboratory techniques used in biochemistry, such as chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and molecular biology techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DNA sequencing.
Protein Structure and Function: This topic covers the structure and function of proteins, including protein folding, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Students learn about enzymes, receptors, transport proteins, and other important protein functions.
Clinical Biochemistry: This part of the course focuses on the application of biochemical principles to clinical practice. Topics include the biochemistry of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Students learn about biochemical markers used in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of various diseases.
Overall, the course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical basis of life processes and its applications in clinical medicine and research.

Specific Objectives

Knowledge and understanding (Dublin 1): the development of the knowledge defined in the educational objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures
Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin 2): the theoretical knowledge acquired through the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course program.
Critical and judgmental skills (Dublin 3): the study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to be able to independently and critically evaluate concepts presented and to carry out further literature searches to integrate the knowledge.
Communication skills (Dublin 4): interactions with the teacher and other students during the course will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the lectures, promoting the use of scientific language
Learning skills (Dublin 5): The course enables the student to build his knowledge in “Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry”. The student will be able to understand and master the basics of biochemical and clinical biochemical assays.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes
The course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry covers a wide range of topics related to the chemical processes within living organisms, with a particular focus on the biochemical aspects relevant to clinical medicine and diagnosis. The topics covered include the following:
Introduction to Biochemistry: This section covers the basic principles of biochemistry, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These topics are prerequisites of the Course. Students learn about biochemical pathways and cellular processes that are essential for life.
Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics: This part focuses on the properties of enzymes, their mechanism of action, factors influencing enzyme activity, and enzyme kinetics. Understanding enzymes is crucial for comprehending metabolic pathways and their regulation.
Bioorganic Chemistry: Understanding the mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and designing enzyme inhibitors or mimics for therapeutic purposes. This includes investigating the interactions between small molecules and biological systems to elucidate cellular processes and develop new drugs or chemical tools for biological research.
Metabolism: Metabolic pathways are extensively covered, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic regulation. Students learn about the interconnections between different pathways and how they contribute to energy production and biosynthesis.
Biochemical Techniques: This section introduces students to common laboratory techniques used in biochemistry, such as chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and molecular biology techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DNA sequencing.
Protein Structure and Function: This topic covers the structure and function of proteins, including protein folding, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Students learn about enzymes, receptors, transport proteins, and other important protein functions.
Clinical Biochemistry: This part of the course focuses on the application of biochemical principles to clinical practice. Topics include the biochemistry of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Students learn about biochemical markers used in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of various diseases.
Overall, the course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical basis of life processes and its applications in clinical medicine and research.

Specific Objectives

Knowledge and understanding (Dublin 1): the development of the knowledge defined in the educational objectives is achieved through theoretical lectures
Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin 2): the theoretical knowledge acquired through the course enables the student to independently evaluate and apply the basic concepts listed in the course program.
Critical and judgmental skills (Dublin 3): the study of current scientific literature supported by theoretical knowledge gained in lectures enables the student to be able to independently and critically evaluate concepts presented and to carry out further literature searches to integrate the knowledge.
Communication skills (Dublin 4): interactions with the teacher and other students during the course will help the student to clearly and concisely illustrate the information obtained from the lectures, promoting the use of scientific language
Learning skills (Dublin 5): The course enables the student to build his knowledge in “Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry”. The student will be able to understand and master the basics of biochemical and clinical biochemical assays.

Educational objectives

The course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry covers a wide range of topics related to the chemical processes within living organisms, with a particular focus on the biochemical aspects relevant to clinical medicine and diagnosis. The topics covered include the following:

Introduction to Biochemistry: This section covers the basic principles of biochemistry, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These topics are prerequisites of the Course. Students learn about biochemical pathways and cellular processes that are essential for life.

Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics: This part focuses on the properties of enzymes, their mechanism of action, factors influencing enzyme activity, and enzyme kinetics. Understanding enzymes is crucial for comprehending metabolic pathways and their regulation.
Bioorganic Chemistry: Understanding the mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and designing enzyme inhibitors or mimics for therapeutic purposes. This includes investigating the interactions between small molecules and biological systems to elucidate cellular processes and develop new drugs or chemical tools for biological research.

Metabolism: Metabolic pathways are extensively covered, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic regulation. Students learn about the interconnections between different pathways and how they contribute to energy production and biosynthesis.

Biochemical Techniques: This section introduces students to common laboratory techniques used in biochemistry, such as chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and molecular biology techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DNA sequencing.

Protein Structure and Function: This topic covers the structure and function of proteins, including protein folding, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Students learn about enzymes, receptors, transport proteins, and other important protein functions.

Clinical Biochemistry: This part of the course focuses on the application of biochemical principles to clinical practice. Topics include the biochemistry of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Students learn about biochemical markers used in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of various diseases.

Overall, the course in Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical basis of life processes and its applications in clinical medicine and research.

Educational objectives

Learning outcomes
Main goal of the course is to give to the students a general view of the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the biological processes. For each argument a methodological section will introduce the students to the main technical approaches used at the state of the art. Practical training (2 CFU) will make the students to breath the atmosphere of a molecular biology laboratory. Particular attention will be given to the high throughput methods utilized in “Omic” approaches to the comprehension of biological processes.
General aims:
The course is focused on the deep connection between DNA and protein structure and their functions. The student will learn the molecular mechanisms which are at the base of the processes of Replication, Recombination, Transcription, DNA repair, RNA processing and splicing, protein Sythesis and their regulatory circuits.

Specific Objectives
1. Knowledge and understanding: The student should learn the basic molecular mechanisms of the cellular omeostasis and gene regulation and the most used techniques of Molecular Biology.
2. Ability to apply Knowledge and understanding: The student should be able to apply this knowledge in the discussion of recent arguments of general interest in Molecular Biology research.
3. Critical Judgement abilities: The student should demonstrate critical judgement abilities in solving problems related to theoretical and practical Molecular Biology projects and should communicate his conclusions to the colleagues and to the teacher in an effective way.
4.Communication skills: the student should demonstrate to be able to apply the learned concepts to his future work in molecular biologyLearning outcomes
General objectives

Educational objectives

General Objectives:
The course aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the main mechanisms regulating gene expression, with a particular focus on transcription and translation processes. The overall objective is to develop an integrated view of the molecular networks that control cellular function, equipping students with the conceptual and methodological tools necessary to engage in research in the field of molecular biology.

Specific Objectives:
Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms. Students will gain knowledge of the main cis-regulatory elements (promoters, enhancers, silencers) and trans-acting factors, such as transcription factors and co-activators/co-repressors, that modulate RNA polymerase activity. Regulatory mechanisms at the chromatin level will also be analyzed, with particular attention to the role of histone modifications and DNA methylation.

Educational objectives

General Objectives
The course *Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry 2* aims to teach students, across various therapeutic categories, about drugs that represent milestones in the treatment of relevant diseases. This includes the drug discovery process leading to their identification, the relationships between chemical structure and biological activity, potential chemical synthesis, molecular mechanisms, pharmacological and toxicological effects, major side effects, the possibility of combination treatments, and the associated social and economic implications.

Specific Objectives

1. **Knowledge and Understanding**
Students will learn all the above aspects regarding drugs that act on the nervous system—both depressants (neuroleptics, anxiolytics, hypnotics-sedatives, anticonvulsants, anti-Parkinson drugs) and stimulants (analeptics, antidepressants); narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics; cardiovascular drugs (antiarrhythmics, coronary vasodilators, antihypertensives, diuretics, hypolipidemics); drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system (adrenergic and cholinergic); and sex and corticosteroid hormones.

2. **Ability to Apply Knowledge and Understanding**
By the end of the course, students will be able to distinguish a drug belonging to one of the above-mentioned therapeutic categories from another outside those categories. They will understand key structure-activity relationships in various drug series and identify modifiable and non-modifiable parts of a drug’s chemical structure without compromising biological activity. They will know the major organic reactions used in the synthesis of several drugs. They will understand the chemical requirements for a molecule to act as a ligand for specific receptors, enzymes, or ion channels—targets of known drugs. They will also be familiar with the most prevalent and critical therapeutic challenges and the treatment options available to physicians for effectively managing different diseases.

3. **Critical Thinking and Judgment (labs, written reports, etc.)**
All lectures will be interactive, with the instructor posing continuous questions to stimulate students and develop their critical thinking. These questions will also encourage students to make connections with prior knowledge, integrating pharmaceutical chemistry with previously acquired concepts from chemistry (inorganic, organic, biochemistry) and biology (anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, toxicology), avoiding a siloed approach to the subject.

4. **Ability to Communicate What Has Been Learned**
Student evaluation will be conducted solely through an oral exam, which will cover all topics in the syllabus and assess the student’s ability to communicate their acquired knowledge.

5. **Ability to Continue Studying Independently**
Students will find further in-depth coverage of lecture topics in the recommended textbooks. This research effort will allow them to revisit the subjects in the future, even when classroom memories have faded. The textbooks will remain a reference point for the student, providing detailed access to partially forgotten information.