Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences

Educational objectives

Foundations of computer science: architecture, algorithms, programming languages. Design and use of applications.

Educational objectives

Foundations of computer science: architecture, algorithms, programming languages. Design and use of applications.

Educational objectives

The purpose of the module Fundamentals of mathematics and statistics is to settle the basic requirements of mathematics (mostly already illustrated to the high school student), which are necessary to understand and solve elementary statistical problems. At the end of the course the student will know the concepts of succession, function, proportions, percentages, rates of growth or decrease, and the functions most used in the applications, together with the fundamentals of calculus. Among the statistical applications the main concepts on the frequency distributions of a statistical variable and the linear relationships between a pair of variables should be clear. An operational approach to the simplest problems of statistical inference and the use of the tables of the Gaussian law will also be explained.
To develop skills for data collection and representation in numerical and graphical form, statistical treatment and use of probability techniques.

Educational objectives

General Aims
Purpose of the course is to provide the student with fundamental concepts of general and inorganic chemistry and also of stoichiometry calculations, which constitute the basis for the correct comprehension of concepts pf organic, (phyto)therapeutic and biological chemistry developed in courses held in the following semesters. It deals with the indispensable topics for a correct understanding of matter and its transformations. The course includes numerical exercises that make the student able to face the problems he/she will encounter in the various areas of chemistry, providing the essential tools for their analysis.

Specific purposes. Knowledge and understanding.
The student will have the opportunity to master the concepts underlying the properties and reactivity of matter, from elements to chemical compounds, learn about general chemical structures and models, and understand the problems related to stoichiometry. He/she therefore understand the basic principles of general chemistry starting from the atomic structure, the periodic table and the chemical bond, up to chemical reactions (qualitative and quantitative aspects) with elements of kinetics and description of the aggregation states of matter included the concentrations units of the solutions. So, he/she is able to perform stoichiometric calculations, to balance redox reactions, to predict the composition of an equilibrium, to identify the speed of a reaction, to perform calculations on the solubility and pH of the solutions. He/she will also have acquired a basic knowledge of the properties of the elements and their compounds, including nomenclature.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding.
Upon completion of the course the student will be able to correlate the various topics developed in the program by relating the properties of matter with the properties of atoms and molecules. He/she will also become familiar with the correct and appropriate application of calculation tools, using the disciplinary methods of investigation, in order to solve application questions.

Critical and judgmental abilities.
The lectures will be all interactive, in which the professor will ask continually questions to students to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions allow both to evaluate the understanding of the students and solicit them to make connections with everything studied until now. The organization of the relevant exercises about the topics covered in the lectures will offer the student the opportunity to put to the test the knowledge acquired in relation to the various themes proposed. This allows to develop the ability to apply the concepts studied to practical cases and to critically evaluate the outcome and the method used in the procedures adopted.

Ability to communicate what has been learned.
In addition to providing basic knowledge, the course aims to make the student acquire mastery of language and appropriate use of chemical terminology and scientific method, essential for communicating in the national and international scientific context. To this end, ample space is dedicated to informal interventions and discussions during the lessons and to the final exam.

Ability to continue the study independently in the course of life.
The stimulus to use a correct scientific formalism and to formulate logically consistent deductions starting from the concepts and principles that underlie chemical science constitute a solid training towards cultural growth in the autonomy of future studies and professional activities.

Educational objectives

Biology can be defined as the entire field of disciplines that study living organisms in all their manifestations and the natural laws that regulate them. Beyond the definitions, biology is one of the most dynamic and rapidly expanding fields of human activity and has repercussions that affect every aspect of our lives, from health to environmental issues. The research activity constantly carried out by biologists all over the world has allowed us to acquire a great knowledge of biological processes and to make ourselves more and more aware of our close interdependence with the great variety of organisms present in our planet.
This course has mainly a propaedeutic purpose; taking into particular account the level of preparation of each student, the objective to be achieved is allowing the student to face the courses of the following years with the necessary basic knowledge and to know the aspects main topics of the study of biology. In the course, therefore, beyond a general knowledge of the fundamental topics of biology, we want to give appropriate importance to the concepts mainly related to professional training in the pharmaceutical field, as well as to the subsequent subjects of the Degree Course. In this sense, the Botanical Section and the Chemistry of Life are of great interest: in fact, they constitute the initial part of the training course that will be then completed with the Pharmaceutical Botany (for the herbal curriculum) and the Pharmacognosy, as well as a series of other related teachings. For this reason we will follow a path that starts from the Chemistry of Life, and then, by deepening the constitution of living beings at the cellular level with references to the basic biochemical and genetic mechanisms, leads to the understanding of the higher organizational levels up to the organismic level of Biology, both for plants and animals, taking into account the evolutionary peculiarities, and with hints also to the ecological part.
The course has been designed and implemented with the aim of making the numerous and complex aspects of Biology interesting and accessible: it is important that the students acquire a greater awareness of the variety of life forms, their enormous adaptability to the environment and their ecological and evolutionary correlations, understanding, at the same time, the dynamic way in which science works and make progress.
The study of Plant Biology will focus on the peculiarities of plants, from the metabolic ones to the morpho-functional ones, in order to provide the basic notions useful in the degree course, with particular reference to the topics that will be further explored in the courses of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany. The main objective of the study of Animal Biology will be the acquisition of basic knowledge on animal structures and functions at different levels of complexity, with emphasis on their adaptive meaning.
We intend to highlight both the universality of evolutionary solutions, and the main alternative solutions to general problems of functionality of complex organic systems in the Man and in the main Phyla of the Metazoan. It will also deal with the main types of relationship between living beings, with reference to parasitology.
The teaching of Biology at the first-year level is congruent with the course of the student enrolled in the degree course in SFA, as it is intended to establish a solid base of scientific knowledge on which to build their professional skills, which include a wide range of disciplines, all closely related to each other.
The logical path of the topics will be developed through five consecutive sections:
a) Chemistry of Life. Science and Biology in the pharmaceutical context. Modern Biology and Systems Biology. Evolution of the scientific method. Also including elements of Primary and Secondary Metabolism.
b) Cellular Biology, with the main elements of the cellular constitution and its functioning. Biodiversity. Understanding diversity: systematics and phylogeny. Viruses and sub-viral agents. Bacteria. Archaea. Origin of Eukaryotes. Protists.
c) Plant Biology, the main botanical aspects of plant organisms and related organisms.
d) Formal Genetics and Molecular Biology. Chromosomes, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. DNA replication. From DNA to proteins: gene expression. Mutations. Regulation of gene expression. Genomes. Gene expression and development. Elements of Formal Genetics and Epigenetics. Introduction to the Darwinian concept of evolution. The mechanisms of evolution: evolutionary changes in populations. Speciation. Macroevolution. Evolution of genes and genomes. Development and evolution.
e) Animal Biology. At the end of this section, the student acquires a general knowledge on the biology of animal organisms (evolutionary biology, reproduction, morphological types, etc.) through the study of model groups. In particular, it acquires a critical and comparative view of morpho-functional biodiversity in the animal field and an overview on the animal adaptations to environmental plurality, including some information regarding migrations and the main infectious agents.

The evaluation of the student will be carried out mainly through a final written test, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's ability in a form that avoids the psychological difficulty arising from a university-type oral examination to which he/she is not still used to.
The student will deepen what he learned during the lessons on the recommended texts, which have been written and thought mainly for the students of the pharmaceutical courses. This deepening will allow him to rediscover these topics in the future, when the memories of the concepts taught in the classroom will be partly forgotten. The texts will remain as a reference for the student who will know where to find detailed concepts, especially useful to pass the exam.
The teaching of Pharmaceutical Biology consists of lectures, with some final exercises to prepare the students for the exam. The lessons are all interactive: the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, based on their knowledge and what they have learned in class, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to evidence the links between the current course and the previous knowledge, fundamental to understand what is proposed in class.
The continuous references to concepts of previous courses must make the student accustomed to study the proposed subject not as something closed, only aimed to pass the final exam and to be filed immediately afterwards, but intends to highlight a multidisciplinary study, absolutely required to face the university study. The student will find on the e-learning platform the slides and the teaching material (exam program, recommended texts) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts and lectures given by the teacher.
Attendance to the course is optional but strongly recommended. In fact, the percentage of students who pass the exam and with good grades is limited to those who have regularly attended, while is generally high the failure percentage among not attending students. The assessment methods of the course are characterized by an exam session set in the months of January, February and May, excluding the periods in which the lessons are held. The teacher is also available to hold, at the request of the students, additional appeals during the months of April and September, reserved for undergraduate and off-course students, in accordance with the provisions of the respective CCL. The objective of the test is to certify the student's knowledge and assimilation of the main topics that will then be the subject of further study in subsequent courses. The elements taken into consideration for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject, in all the main areas of Biology covered by the exam program, the ability of reasoning demonstrated in the choice of answers and the ability to study autonomously on the indicated texts.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main functional groups. Moreover, the student learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.

Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows and understand the spatial arrangement of the carbon structures and knows how to assign the name to the simplest molecules according to the IUPAC nomenclature; the student is able to graphically show the structures through the most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction mechanisms.

Making judgements
The student, at the end of course, is able to collect and understand information useful to express a proper independent opinion. In particular, he must show a critical and proposing spirit in the discussion of issues inherent to natural products and their implications in global health.

Communication skills
The student, at the end of course, has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he has learned during the Master degree, both toward the scientific community and the labor market. In particular, he must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with particular emphasis to that of the natural products.

Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, students who have passed the exam are able to undertake the study of other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the Master degree.

Educational objectives

The general aims of the Human Anatomy class are to provide to the students the knowledge of anatomical terminology, regional and structural organization of the human body, morphological characteristics of systems and organs. In particular, the specific aims are to know, to learn and, therefore, to utilize an appropriate and specific terminology and to establish a correlation between the structure and the function. All this in order to acquire the appropriate basic knowledge to understand the following disciplines of the course, where the knowledge of normal human anatomy will allow a better understanding of non-physiological and pathological situations.

Educational objectives

The course proposition is to introduce students to regulatory and economics aspect of the healthcare sector in order to enable them to work in two dynamic areas of the pharmaceutical field: the market access (pre-athorization’s activities) and marketing (post authorization activities).
The topics concern: different classes of drugs that can be marketed,(original, equivalent, bioequivalent, life style), development and patent normative. Key point of health economics will give the bases of macro and microeconomics: Health Market evolution, supply and demand chain, price formulation, and price elasticity, successes and market failures cases.
As part of the health policy lessons, the various health systems will be compared for a greater understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the same; it will also deal with pharmaceutical policy, implementation tools, AIFA, the price of the drug.
Marketing area: students will learn about strategic marketing, pharmaceutical, co-marketing and co-promotion, marketing processes, SWOT analysis, MARKET identification, segmentation and targeting, product analysis, strengths and weaknesses.
Market analysis session: Quantitative, Qualitative, Buying process, Customer portrait situational, analysis and definition of strategic objectives, identification of strategic areas, positioning, benchmarking, selection and targeting.
Tactical marketing, medical examination. Pharmacoeconomics, Lobbying and Market Acces, Communication and techniques. A specific section will be dedicated to the digital marketing in order to provide the essential bases for expanding student skills.
At the end of course, the student has the knowledge of marketing and access techniques to the pharmaceutical market that will allow him to operate in this sector, both in private companies and in pharmacy, at the level of Rep but also product manager, access manager, research manager, or digital manager
The course includes a simulation of a job interview and the preparation of a CV suitable for the market.

Educational objectives

- The aim of the course is to allow students to enhance their English Vocabulary, focusing specifically on technical/scientific terms, necessary to communicate in their professional environment
- By the end of the course, students will be able to express themselves through a set of terms acquired through practical activities. The Vocabulary studied during the course will include notions of basic anatomy, clinical assessment and pharmaceutical components.
- Most of the course will be delivered orally by means of power point presentations. Students, however, would be required to do exercises in class, together with reading and listening activities.
- As the vocabulary acquired will be repeatedly used during classes, students will have the chance to consolidate their knowledge and use the new acquired vocabulary in different contexts.
- Additional activities will provide students with further practice and analysis, allowing them to consolidate the strategies learnt during classes.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General aims
The course aims to provide students with a detailed knowledge of the principal microrganisms of medical interest, their role in physiological and pathological processes, pathogenetic mechanisms involved in microorganism-related diseases, mechanisms of action of the main antimicrobial drugs and their preventive and / or therapeutic use.

Specific aims
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will know in depth the Medical Microbiology in its general and applicative aspects. In particular, the course will allow the student to acquire a good knowledge about morphological and physiological characteristics of bacteria, mycetes and protozoa of medical interest, their transmission, related diseases and underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Moreover, the student will know the structure and replication mechanisms of the main viruses of medical interest, the virus-host relationships and pathogenic mechanisms. The student will also know the main elements of immune responses to microbial infections, as well as the main preventive and therapeutic approaches.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The course will prepare the student to know and understand the main mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines. Particular attention will be devoted to the antimicrobial resistance, underlying mechanisms and related problems.

3. Making judgement
During the lessons the teacher will pursue an effective question strategy to capture students' attention, foster student involvement, and facilitate a positive, active learning environment.

4. Communication skills
At the end of the course the student should be able to use an appropriate technical-scientific language.

5. Learning skills
The course is aimed at facilitating a critical and autonomous in depth study on the treated topics in specialized texts.

Educational objectives

Aims of the course
At the end of the course the student will know the main structures of human body, the different cell types and their morpho-functional characteristics, the general structure of different tissue types, the function of apparati and their integrated physiological roles. The main objective is to provide to the future chemist/herborist with adequate knowledge needed to carry out knowingly their work.

Specific Aims
• Students must gain a deep knowledge of the physiology of the main apparati of humans and of their interactions
• Students will have to be able to understand (grossly) the apparatus to which symptoms are referred to

FRAME A4.b.2
The course will be structured in the following way:
• Concept of Homeostasis
 Role and mechanisms of homeostasis both at cellular and systemic level

• Membrane Biophysics
 Structure of the plasmatic cell membrane
 Forces regulating transports across the membrane
 Active and passive membrane transports, osmosis.
 Endocytosis and exocitosis.

• Nervous system
Cellular level
 Neural Tissue: neurons and glial cells
 Structure of cells in the nervous system
 Membrane resting potentials.
 Build up of electrical signals: action potentials.
 Conduction of electrical signals and function of myelin.
 Synaptic transmission: electrical and chemical synapses.
System level
 Anatomo-physiological organization (meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and brain ventricular system, hematoencephalic barrier).
 Localizations of brain functions
 Brain representation of sensory stimuli (difference between sensation and perception). General organization of sensory systems
 Somatosensory system
 Visual System
 Motor systems (pathways for voluntary and reflex movements control)
 Posture

• Skeletal muscles
• Macroscopic anatomy, cellular and molecular structures, sarcomere
• Mechanism of muscle contraction,
• Coupling excitation-contraction
• Signal stimulation and Tetanic stimulation
• Methabolism of the muscle, types of muscles fibers, muscular fatigue

• Autonomic nervous system.
 General organization of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic system
 Neurotransmitters, receptors, effects on targets

• Endocrine System
 Nature and action mechanisms of hormones.
 Control system involving hypothalamus and Pituitary glands.
 Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon
 Sexual hormones

• Cardiovascular system
Heart
 Cardiac muscle
 Myocardial excitation and impulse conduction (pacemakes cells).
 Heart cycle, cardiac output.
 Neural control of cardiac output

Circulatory System
 Laws of fluid mechanics applied to circulation.
 Large and small circulation
 Functions of capillaries (Starling forces, filtration absorption).
 Arterial pressure and its neural control.
Blood
 General function of blood
 Blood Elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes)

• Respiratory system
• Urinary System
• Digestive System
• Reproductive systems (hints)

B. Knowledge and understanding
Concept of Homeostasis
The Student learn about the way in which internal chemical-physical values are kept constant despite internal or external variations
Membrane Biophysics
The Student learn about the basic functions of the plasmatic membrane and the laws regulating the transportation of materials throughout it.
Nervous system
The Student learn about the anatomical substrate and the physiological mechanisms of one of the two control systems of our organism.
FRAME A4.c
A. Independent Judgment
During the course students will be ask to make questions in order to clarify doubts and curiosities. This way lecture will become a place where false beliefs and a priori ideas about the way our organism works will be unmasked. So that students will be able to understand what is the apparatus involved according to the refereed symptoms.
B. Communication abilities
During the course a precise and rigorous language will be taught. Students must understand and use it in order both to understand scientific reports of medium levels (e.g. course-books and articles of Scientific American) and to express correctly concepts inherent to physiology.
C. Learning abilities
The exam will be passed by the students who will exhibit a deep knowledge of physiology of th main apparatus and systems of human beings as well as of their interactions (both at cellular and macroscopic level)

Educational objectives

The main educational objectives of the Course of Nutraceuticals and Dietetic Products consist in providing the student with knowledge regarding the chemical composition of food with particular regard to substances with beneficial effect on health and products indicated in case of diseases related to the intake of specific nutrients / foods.
The knowledge and skills acquired during the course common to the two curricula in Herbal Techniques and Scientific Informant of the Drug, will be usable by both professionals in the field of work, thanks to the acquired critical judgment and skills useful to suggest the use of foods, supplements and dietary products for nutritional intake and for the specific impact on health.
The expected learning outcomes, acquired during the course, will therefore allow future professionals to correlate and integrate the general aspects concerning the chemical composition of foods, nutraceuticals and supplements with the specific characteristics of individual food products, thus understanding the correlation between composition and quality and acquiring the ability to process the information on the label.
The course takes place in an alternation of lectures useful to address the concepts of basic theory and classroom reports prepared by students on current topics concerning the sector, suitable to stimulate their critical-applicative and communication skills.
The more specific objectives of the course concern the acquisition by the student of transversal skills related to the detailed knowledge of: macro and micronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins), fiber and secondary metabolites; dietetic products intended for individuals in particular physiological conditions or with metabolic disorders.
At the end of the course the student will be able to communicate effectively what has been learned thanks to the exercise done with the classroom reports on current topics concerning the sector. The student will be able to continue the study in an autonomous way, thanks to the acquired skills and the concepts learned also regarding the methods of researching information on the sector. During the course will also be provided websites, bibliographic references and industry associations, possibly useful for developing collaborative relationships in the world of work. Based on the knowledge acquired, the graduate will have the necessary skills to be able to critically give indication in the field of food, nutraceuticals, supplements and health.

Educational objectives

The general aim of the course is to train the student to have adequate knowledge of most of the pharmacological aspects related to the use of drugs. Specifically, at the end of the course the student will have adequate knowledge on: i) the origin and development of drugs; ii) the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the main classes of drugs currently in use; iii) adverse effects related to the use of drugs; iv) interactions arising from the use of multiple drugs. During the course the making judgments skills will be frequently assessed through timely and constant interaction during the course classes, also in order to verify the student communication skills. Moreover, during the course students will be provided with detailed indications for the use of scientific databases and websites of public or private organizations in the area of Pharmacology to develop learning skills necessary for his/her autonomous continuous education in this field.

Educational objectives

The course aim of phytotherapeutic chemistry is to provide the students with knowledge on general medicinal chemistry and on selected herbal drugs, and their semi-synthetic or synthetic analogues.

The phase knowledge of drug action allows the student to understand the drug route inside the body and the structural requirements for a drug to interact with its molecular target. At the end of the course the student also knows the strategies adopted for the design of semisynthetic analogs of herbal drugs or to obtain derivatives of molecular simplification or complication. The student understands the mechanism of action at the molecular level, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and the structure-activity relationships of drugs, with particular attention to plant origin drugs.

At the end of the course the student can recognize the therapeutic category of a drug. It is able to understand the structural requirements to obtain a biological activity and the chemical modifications made to improve pharmacokinetic properties, potency or selectivity of a drug.

The teacher continuously stimulates the students to recognize the functional groups important for the activity and to predict the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of any structural changes. The student's critical skills are thus stimulated and the links between the topics of the program are favored.

During the lessons, the frequent questions of the teacher develop the ability of the students to communicate their knowledge. The student's ability to communicate their knowledge is evaluated at the end of the course with an oral examination covering all the topics of the program.

Textbooks are recommended to independently deepen the topics covered in the course and also related arguments of student interest. Students are invited to follow all the updates will be made.

Educational objectives

Understanding of the general mechanisms of damage to the organism and inflammatory response;
The etiopathogenesis of fundamental alterations of the structures, functions and control mechanisms at various levels of integration of the body systems;
Understanding the fundamental principles of immune response; defensive aspects and possible pathological consequences;
Understanding the molecular basis of oncology; etiopathogenesis of neoplastic transformation, progression to malignancy and metastasis.
Understanding of the general pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases with particular reference to human diseases of wider diffusion and social impact;
General objectives
The main educational purpose of the General Pathology course is to transfer the knowledge on the biological basis of diseases in humans.
The course aims to provide skills related to the fundamental principles of etiology and pathogenesis by providing basic knowledge to make the students able to address the study of the main biological chemical and physical pathogenic factors active on the human organism and of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the alterations of the homeostasis at the base of the diseases, development and progression of pathological events.
A further purpose is represented by the acquisition of the fundamental and common elements of medical terminology.
Specific objectives
The main knowledge provided will be:
- The basic elements and principles of etiopathogenesis and disease determinism;
- Knowledge of pathological manifestations at the molecular and cellular level, as well as on the tissues, organs, systems and systems of the human organism;
- The study of the pathophysiological processes of the main systems;
- The fundamentals of the immune system and its role in the defense against disease and in the determinism of pathological processes.
The main skills of the student, applicable to the acquired knowledge, will be:
- Knowledge of the main etiological causes of the disease, as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies to understand the etiopathogenetic mechanisms;
- Critical analysis and evaluation of pathological processes;
- The acquired knowledge of the etiopathogenetic determinism of diseases and the adequate knowledge of medical terminology allows to understand drugs mechanisms of action providing the ability to communicate with doctors and others health workers and the ability to deepen the study independently.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the main botanical family and their species interesting Materia Medica, the main chemical active principles and the basis of the therapeutical action.

Educational objectives

The main educational objectives of the Course in Pharmacognosy, Phytotherapy and Phytovigilance are to provide the student the knowledge about the pharmacological and toxicological activity of medicinal plants and their derivatives. The knowledge and skills acquired, during the course common to the two curricula in “Tecniche erboristiche” and in “Informatore Scientifico del Farmaco”, will be usable by both professional figures in the field of work, in which the expected learning outcomes are relate to: quality control, composition, safety , possible effectiveness and relative promotion/advertising of products of plant origin. The course takes place in an alternation of lectures (useful to address the concepts of basic theory) and of practical exercises in the classroom (suitable to stimulate the student's critical-applicative skills).
The specific objectives of the Course concern the acquisition by the student of transversal skills, including the detailed knowledge of: the main regulations of the sector and consequent commercial typology various herbal products (herbal medicinal products of traditional and consolidated use, herbal food/dietary supplements, homeopathic, nutraceuticals, “cosmeceuticals” and cosmetics containing plants); the acquisition of critical skills and judgment of the composition of what is available on the market and of the main innovations of the sector, of biological activity and of the safety of use of vegetable preparations. In this last context, particular attention will be devoted to the Phytosurveillance of suspected adverse reactions and to the functioning of the Italian Phytovigilance System.
At the end of the course, the student will be able to communicate effectively what has been learned and can continue the study independently in the course of life, thanks to the skills acquired in the concepts learned and in the implementation methods of research of information in the field of medicinal plants. During the course, websites and bibliographic references and contact with industry associations, possibly useful for developing collaborative relationships in the world of work, will be provided. Based on the knowledge acquired, the graduate in Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences will have the necessary skills to carry out his profession in the pharmaceutical and / or herbal and possibly regulatory fields.

Educational objectives

This course provides the student with the theoretical knowledge and technical skills of extraction, purification and analysis of natural products. The course is divided into two modules of 6 CFU each: Laboratory of natural products extraction-Analysis of active ingredients from herbal and aromatic plants. By completing the two modules the student acquires Theoretical knowledge of the most common methods of extracting and purifying natural products and the most common instrumental chemical analysis techniques. The ability to apply that theoretical knowledge. Self-direction and to act independently . At the end of each module the student has to prepare a report about the analysis procedure.

Educational objectives

This course provides the student with the theoretical knowledge and technical skills of extraction and purification of natural products.
By completing the module Laboratory of natural products extraction, the student acquires:
1. Theoretical knowledge of the most common methods of extracting and purifying natural products (extraction methods, percolation, maceration, decotion, infusion, steam distillation, chromatography, and crystallization), of the most common instrumental chemical analysis techniques to determine physicochemical measurements (melting point, boiling point, density) through theoretical lecture-based classes, the volumetric analysis methods for determining natural products
2. The ability to apply that theoretical knowledge. The student attends individual teaching laboratory lectures where he applies extraction, purification and quantitative determination methods to natural products.
3. Self-direction and to act independently to a level where the student has a practical understanding of the learned techniques. At the end of each laboratory lecture the student has to prepare a report about the analysis procedure. Moreover, during the final test the student will exercise on mixture separation.
4. Written and oral communications skills, to a level where the student can clearly communicate the conclusions of extraction and purification process. This is evaluated during the final test.
5. To develop subject-related practical and cognitive skills. The course provides the student with the core elements for both further courses and the final test.

Educational objectives

The primary objectives of phytochemistry are traditionally linked to the identification of new natural substances from plants and the determination of their distribution throughout the plant kingdom, also in relation to the interactions between plants, plants and animals and between plants and pathogens (with reference to biological control of pests). Naturally, an important aim of phytochemical research is the discovery and development of substances with pharmacological activity. Because of these characteristics, phytochemistry is perhaps the most interdisciplinary of all the teachings to which it is linked. In fact, the chemistry of plants has an impact on all areas of botany and on many areas of chemistry, as well as implications that must take into account many complementary knowledge, concerning, among others, ecology, agriculture, physiology, ethnobotany, pharmacognosy , organic chemistry, biochemistry and chemotaxonomy.
This interdisciplinary approach is the main force of phytochemistry, consequently, the course will focus on giving it particular prominence, allowing the student to relate these different aspects. The student will also be able to acquire extensive knowledge on the classification and the role played by secondary metabolites in plants and, above all, on their chemical nature and potential biological activity. Consequently, the course aims to introduce the criteria for a correct identification and classification of secondary metabolites, particularly for biologically active compounds of plant origin. At the same time the aspects related to the main biosynthetic pathways, to metabolic transformations and to the compartmentalization of these substances within plant organisms will be explored.
The final objective to be achieved will therefore enable the student to know the main aspects of the study of the chemistry of medicinal plants with particular reference to extraction methods, biosynthesis, chemical characteristics and any structure-activity relationships of natural substances of plant origin.
For the course prerequisites are not required, but it would be opportune for the student, in order to better understand the topics covered, a preliminary acquisition of wide basic knowledge, especially in the botanical, chemical and biological fields.
The evaluation of the student study will be carried out mainly through a final oral exam, which will focus on all the topics of the program.
The student will deepen what he learned during the lessons on the recommended texts, and above all on the didactic material that will be provided to them by the teacher.

Educational objectives

The internship, in private or public companies, aims to integrate the career of student with a hands-on experience in a professional environment. The internship offers a valuable information in making decisions about the direction of future employment.

Educational objectives

This course provides the student with the theoretical knowledge and technical skills of extraction, purification and analysis of natural products. The course is divided into two modules of 6 CFU each: Laboratory of natural products extraction-Analysis of active ingredients from herbal and aromatic plants. By completing the two modules the student acquires Theoretical knowledge of the most common methods of extracting and purifying natural products and the most common instrumental chemical analysis techniques. The ability to apply that theoretical knowledge. Self-direction and to act independently . At the end of each module the student has to prepare a report about the analysis procedure.

Educational objectives

The course of analysis of the active principles of medicinal and aromatic plants is placed in the third year of the degree course in Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences(curriculum Herbal Sciences ). This course is among those characterizing for the herbalist profession. The course takes place through both lectures and individual lessons in the laboratory. In the lectures all the analytical techniques necessary for identifying the quali/quantitative active compounds in the medicinal plants are addressed. In the laboratory some techniques are discussed.

At the end of the course the student will have acquired the knowledge of the most common analytical methods and will be able to decide the most suitable methodology according to the sample to be analyzed.

They will also be able to critically evaluate the analytical results obtained.

Educational objectives

Aim of the course is to provide the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical technology and italian regulations on pharmaceutics, allowing to perform the activity of herbalist and pharmaceutical representative.

This final aim is achieved through the achievement of specific objectives concerning:
• the knowledge of the national regulatory bases of medicinal, cosmetic and health products;
• the knowledge of the main techniques of formulation and production of medicinal, cosmetic and health products of natural and synthetic origin;
• awareness of the role in the various professional areas of relevance, on the basis of legislation and professional preparation;
• the ability to systematically apply the knowledge acquired in the course, to the various operating contexts characterizing the professional context;
• the ability to communicate the results of their own elaborations to the stakeholders;
• to be able to find the information necessary for self-updating.

These specific objectives will be achieved through the provision of lectures, the execution of group work and the preparation of written reports.

Educational objectives

In addition to the compulsory courses, students have 12 credits for independently chosen educational activities that can be used to complete their preparation. Students can acquire these credits choosing two topics among the groups belonging to the optional courses. Otherwise, the student's choice will be assessed by the Board.

Educational objectives

In addition to the compulsory courses, students have 12 credits for independently chosen educational activities that can be used to complete their preparation. Students can acquire these credits choosing two topics among the groups belonging to the optional courses. Otherwise, the student's choice will be assessed by the Board.

Educational objectives

The final test verifies the achievement of learning objectives of the Course.

Educational objectives

Foundations of computer science: architecture, algorithms, programming languages. Design and use of applications.

Educational objectives

Foundations of computer science: architecture, algorithms, programming languages. Design and use of applications.

Educational objectives

The purpose of the module Fundamentals of mathematics and statistics is to settle the basic requirements of mathematics (mostly already illustrated to the high school student), which are necessary to understand and solve elementary statistical problems. At the end of the course the student will know the concepts of succession, function, proportions, percentages, rates of growth or decrease, and the functions most used in the applications, together with the fundamentals of calculus. Among the statistical applications the main concepts on the frequency distributions of a statistical variable and the linear relationships between a pair of variables should be clear. An operational approach to the simplest problems of statistical inference and the use of the tables of the Gaussian law will also be explained.
To develop skills for data collection and representation in numerical and graphical form, statistical treatment and use of probability techniques.

Educational objectives

General Aims
Purpose of the course is to provide the student with fundamental concepts of general and inorganic chemistry and also of stoichiometry calculations, which constitute the basis for the correct comprehension of concepts pf organic, (phyto)therapeutic and biological chemistry developed in courses held in the following semesters. It deals with the indispensable topics for a correct understanding of matter and its transformations. The course includes numerical exercises that make the student able to face the problems he/she will encounter in the various areas of chemistry, providing the essential tools for their analysis.

Specific purposes. Knowledge and understanding.
The student will have the opportunity to master the concepts underlying the properties and reactivity of matter, from elements to chemical compounds, learn about general chemical structures and models, and understand the problems related to stoichiometry. He/she therefore understand the basic principles of general chemistry starting from the atomic structure, the periodic table and the chemical bond, up to chemical reactions (qualitative and quantitative aspects) with elements of kinetics and description of the aggregation states of matter included the concentrations units of the solutions. So, he/she is able to perform stoichiometric calculations, to balance redox reactions, to predict the composition of an equilibrium, to identify the speed of a reaction, to perform calculations on the solubility and pH of the solutions. He/she will also have acquired a basic knowledge of the properties of the elements and their compounds, including nomenclature.

Ability to apply knowledge and understanding.
Upon completion of the course the student will be able to correlate the various topics developed in the program by relating the properties of matter with the properties of atoms and molecules. He/she will also become familiar with the correct and appropriate application of calculation tools, using the disciplinary methods of investigation, in order to solve application questions.

Critical and judgmental abilities.
The lectures will be all interactive, in which the professor will ask continually questions to students to stimulate them and develop their critical sense. These questions allow both to evaluate the understanding of the students and solicit them to make connections with everything studied until now. The organization of the relevant exercises about the topics covered in the lectures will offer the student the opportunity to put to the test the knowledge acquired in relation to the various themes proposed. This allows to develop the ability to apply the concepts studied to practical cases and to critically evaluate the outcome and the method used in the procedures adopted.

Ability to communicate what has been learned.
In addition to providing basic knowledge, the course aims to make the student acquire mastery of language and appropriate use of chemical terminology and scientific method, essential for communicating in the national and international scientific context. To this end, ample space is dedicated to informal interventions and discussions during the lessons and to the final exam.

Ability to continue the study independently in the course of life.
The stimulus to use a correct scientific formalism and to formulate logically consistent deductions starting from the concepts and principles that underlie chemical science constitute a solid training towards cultural growth in the autonomy of future studies and professional activities.

Educational objectives

Biology can be defined as the entire field of disciplines that study living organisms in all their manifestations and the natural laws that regulate them. Beyond the definitions, biology is one of the most dynamic and rapidly expanding fields of human activity and has repercussions that affect every aspect of our lives, from health to environmental issues. The research activity constantly carried out by biologists all over the world has allowed us to acquire a great knowledge of biological processes and to make ourselves more and more aware of our close interdependence with the great variety of organisms present in our planet.
This course has mainly a propaedeutic purpose; taking into particular account the level of preparation of each student, the objective to be achieved is allowing the student to face the courses of the following years with the necessary basic knowledge and to know the aspects main topics of the study of biology. In the course, therefore, beyond a general knowledge of the fundamental topics of biology, we want to give appropriate importance to the concepts mainly related to professional training in the pharmaceutical field, as well as to the subsequent subjects of the Degree Course. In this sense, the Botanical Section and the Chemistry of Life are of great interest: in fact, they constitute the initial part of the training course that will be then completed with the Pharmaceutical Botany (for the herbal curriculum) and the Pharmacognosy, as well as a series of other related teachings. For this reason we will follow a path that starts from the Chemistry of Life, and then, by deepening the constitution of living beings at the cellular level with references to the basic biochemical and genetic mechanisms, leads to the understanding of the higher organizational levels up to the organismic level of Biology, both for plants and animals, taking into account the evolutionary peculiarities, and with hints also to the ecological part.
The course has been designed and implemented with the aim of making the numerous and complex aspects of Biology interesting and accessible: it is important that the students acquire a greater awareness of the variety of life forms, their enormous adaptability to the environment and their ecological and evolutionary correlations, understanding, at the same time, the dynamic way in which science works and make progress.
The study of Plant Biology will focus on the peculiarities of plants, from the metabolic ones to the morpho-functional ones, in order to provide the basic notions useful in the degree course, with particular reference to the topics that will be further explored in the courses of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany. The main objective of the study of Animal Biology will be the acquisition of basic knowledge on animal structures and functions at different levels of complexity, with emphasis on their adaptive meaning.
We intend to highlight both the universality of evolutionary solutions, and the main alternative solutions to general problems of functionality of complex organic systems in the Man and in the main Phyla of the Metazoan. It will also deal with the main types of relationship between living beings, with reference to parasitology.
The teaching of Biology at the first-year level is congruent with the course of the student enrolled in the degree course in SFA, as it is intended to establish a solid base of scientific knowledge on which to build their professional skills, which include a wide range of disciplines, all closely related to each other.
The logical path of the topics will be developed through five consecutive sections:
a) Chemistry of Life. Science and Biology in the pharmaceutical context. Modern Biology and Systems Biology. Evolution of the scientific method. Also including elements of Primary and Secondary Metabolism.
b) Cellular Biology, with the main elements of the cellular constitution and its functioning. Biodiversity. Understanding diversity: systematics and phylogeny. Viruses and sub-viral agents. Bacteria. Archaea. Origin of Eukaryotes. Protists.
c) Plant Biology, the main botanical aspects of plant organisms and related organisms.
d) Formal Genetics and Molecular Biology. Chromosomes, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. DNA replication. From DNA to proteins: gene expression. Mutations. Regulation of gene expression. Genomes. Gene expression and development. Elements of Formal Genetics and Epigenetics. Introduction to the Darwinian concept of evolution. The mechanisms of evolution: evolutionary changes in populations. Speciation. Macroevolution. Evolution of genes and genomes. Development and evolution.
e) Animal Biology. At the end of this section, the student acquires a general knowledge on the biology of animal organisms (evolutionary biology, reproduction, morphological types, etc.) through the study of model groups. In particular, it acquires a critical and comparative view of morpho-functional biodiversity in the animal field and an overview on the animal adaptations to environmental plurality, including some information regarding migrations and the main infectious agents.

The evaluation of the student will be carried out mainly through a final written test, which will focus on all the topics of the program, testing the student's ability in a form that avoids the psychological difficulty arising from a university-type oral examination to which he/she is not still used to.
The student will deepen what he learned during the lessons on the recommended texts, which have been written and thought mainly for the students of the pharmaceutical courses. This deepening will allow him to rediscover these topics in the future, when the memories of the concepts taught in the classroom will be partly forgotten. The texts will remain as a reference for the student who will know where to find detailed concepts, especially useful to pass the exam.
The teaching of Pharmaceutical Biology consists of lectures, with some final exercises to prepare the students for the exam. The lessons are all interactive: the teacher stimulates the students with questions to which they, based on their knowledge and what they have learned in class, can give an answer. This allows the teacher to evidence the links between the current course and the previous knowledge, fundamental to understand what is proposed in class.
The continuous references to concepts of previous courses must make the student accustomed to study the proposed subject not as something closed, only aimed to pass the final exam and to be filed immediately afterwards, but intends to highlight a multidisciplinary study, absolutely required to face the university study. The student will find on the e-learning platform the slides and the teaching material (exam program, recommended texts) useful for the preparation of the exam. It is understood that the slides are a guide to the exam topics, but they can never absolutely replace the recommended texts and lectures given by the teacher.
Attendance to the course is optional but strongly recommended. In fact, the percentage of students who pass the exam and with good grades is limited to those who have regularly attended, while is generally high the failure percentage among not attending students. The assessment methods of the course are characterized by an exam session set in the months of January, February and May, excluding the periods in which the lessons are held. The teacher is also available to hold, at the request of the students, additional appeals during the months of April and September, reserved for undergraduate and off-course students, in accordance with the provisions of the respective CCL. The objective of the test is to certify the student's knowledge and assimilation of the main topics that will then be the subject of further study in subsequent courses. The elements taken into consideration for the evaluation are: the knowledge of the subject, in all the main areas of Biology covered by the exam program, the ability of reasoning demonstrated in the choice of answers and the ability to study autonomously on the indicated texts.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows the main concepts of organic chemistry needed both for the knowledge of the molecular structure and for the understanding of the reactivity of the main functional groups. Moreover, the student learns the basic concepts of stereochemistry and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry.

Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of course, the student knows and understand the spatial arrangement of the carbon structures and knows how to assign the name to the simplest molecules according to the IUPAC nomenclature; the student is able to graphically show the structures through the most commonly used conventions and assign the absolute configuration to the stereocenters. Furthermore, the student knows the reactivity of the functional groups according to the general scheme of the main reaction mechanisms.

Making judgements
The student, at the end of course, is able to collect and understand information useful to express a proper independent opinion. In particular, he must show a critical and proposing spirit in the discussion of issues inherent to natural products and their implications in global health.

Communication skills
The student, at the end of course, has the ability to communicate outward the knowledge he has learned during the Master degree, both toward the scientific community and the labor market. In particular, he must be able to provide clear and direct information on chemical reactivity, with particular emphasis to that of the natural products.

Learning skills
Given the basic training activity of this course, students who have passed the exam are able to undertake the study of other basic and characterizing training activities that have been set in the Master degree.

Educational objectives

The general aims of the Human Anatomy class are to provide to the students the knowledge of anatomical terminology, regional and structural organization of the human body, morphological characteristics of systems and organs. In particular, the specific aims are to know, to learn and, therefore, to utilize an appropriate and specific terminology and to establish a correlation between the structure and the function. All this in order to acquire the appropriate basic knowledge to understand the following disciplines of the course, where the knowledge of normal human anatomy will allow a better understanding of non-physiological and pathological situations.

Educational objectives

The course proposition is to introduce students to regulatory and economics aspect of the healthcare sector in order to enable them to work in two dynamic areas of the pharmaceutical field: the market access (pre-athorization’s activities) and marketing (post authorization activities).
The topics concern: different classes of drugs that can be marketed,(original, equivalent, bioequivalent, life style), development and patent normative. Key point of health economics will give the bases of macro and microeconomics: Health Market evolution, supply and demand chain, price formulation, and price elasticity, successes and market failures cases.
As part of the health policy lessons, the various health systems will be compared for a greater understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the same; it will also deal with pharmaceutical policy, implementation tools, AIFA, the price of the drug.
Marketing area: students will learn about strategic marketing, pharmaceutical, co-marketing and co-promotion, marketing processes, SWOT analysis, MARKET identification, segmentation and targeting, product analysis, strengths and weaknesses.
Market analysis session: Quantitative, Qualitative, Buying process, Customer portrait situational, analysis and definition of strategic objectives, identification of strategic areas, positioning, benchmarking, selection and targeting.
Tactical marketing, medical examination. Pharmacoeconomics, Lobbying and Market Acces, Communication and techniques. A specific section will be dedicated to the digital marketing in order to provide the essential bases for expanding student skills.
At the end of course, the student has the knowledge of marketing and access techniques to the pharmaceutical market that will allow him to operate in this sector, both in private companies and in pharmacy, at the level of Rep but also product manager, access manager, research manager, or digital manager
The course includes a simulation of a job interview and the preparation of a CV suitable for the market.

Educational objectives

- The aim of the course is to allow students to enhance their English Vocabulary, focusing specifically on technical/scientific terms, necessary to communicate in their professional environment
- By the end of the course, students will be able to express themselves through a set of terms acquired through practical activities. The Vocabulary studied during the course will include notions of basic anatomy, clinical assessment and pharmaceutical components.
- Most of the course will be delivered orally by means of power point presentations. Students, however, would be required to do exercises in class, together with reading and listening activities.
- As the vocabulary acquired will be repeatedly used during classes, students will have the chance to consolidate their knowledge and use the new acquired vocabulary in different contexts.
- Additional activities will provide students with further practice and analysis, allowing them to consolidate the strategies learnt during classes.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General expected learning outcomes
Knowledge of the main chemical and structural features of biomolecules and their regulation in cellular metabolism.

Specific expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to know the structure of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins operating in the main metabolic pathways of the living organisms. Therefore, it will be clear how cellular metabolism is a response to stimulation by hormones and growth factors.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Students will be able to understand the importance of the chemical characteristics of biomolecules and the main metabolic processes operating in living organisms and to correlate the structures and the specific functions of the various classes of biomolecules.

Making judgements
The development of critical skills of the students will be encouraged during the lesson through open discussions on general biochemical topics.

Communication skills
In order to use the appropriate terminology for a good communication in the scientific field students will be encouraged to improve their communication of acquired knowledge by discussion during the lesson.

Learning skills
The acquired skills will help the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and/or of new chemical molecules, and to identify their cellular targets.

Educational objectives

General aims
The course aims to provide students with a detailed knowledge of the principal microrganisms of medical interest, their role in physiological and pathological processes, pathogenetic mechanisms involved in microorganism-related diseases, mechanisms of action of the main antimicrobial drugs and their preventive and / or therapeutic use.

Specific aims
1. Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will know in depth the Medical Microbiology in its general and applicative aspects. In particular, the course will allow the student to acquire a good knowledge about morphological and physiological characteristics of bacteria, mycetes and protozoa of medical interest, their transmission, related diseases and underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Moreover, the student will know the structure and replication mechanisms of the main viruses of medical interest, the virus-host relationships and pathogenic mechanisms. The student will also know the main elements of immune responses to microbial infections, as well as the main preventive and therapeutic approaches.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The course will prepare the student to know and understand the main mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines. Particular attention will be devoted to the antimicrobial resistance, underlying mechanisms and related problems.

3. Making judgement
During the lessons the teacher will pursue an effective question strategy to capture students' attention, foster student involvement, and facilitate a positive, active learning environment.

4. Communication skills
At the end of the course the student should be able to use an appropriate technical-scientific language.

5. Learning skills
The course is aimed at facilitating a critical and autonomous in depth study on the treated topics in specialized texts.

Educational objectives

Aims of the course
At the end of the course the student will know the main structures of human body, the different cell types and their morpho-functional characteristics, the general structure of different tissue types, the function of apparati and their integrated physiological roles. The main objective is to provide to the future chemist/herborist with adequate knowledge needed to carry out knowingly their work.

Specific Aims
• Students must gain a deep knowledge of the physiology of the main apparati of humans and of their interactions
• Students will have to be able to understand (grossly) the apparatus to which symptoms are referred to

FRAME A4.b.2
The course will be structured in the following way:
• Concept of Homeostasis
 Role and mechanisms of homeostasis both at cellular and systemic level

• Membrane Biophysics
 Structure of the plasmatic cell membrane
 Forces regulating transports across the membrane
 Active and passive membrane transports, osmosis.
 Endocytosis and exocitosis.

• Nervous system
Cellular level
 Neural Tissue: neurons and glial cells
 Structure of cells in the nervous system
 Membrane resting potentials.
 Build up of electrical signals: action potentials.
 Conduction of electrical signals and function of myelin.
 Synaptic transmission: electrical and chemical synapses.
System level
 Anatomo-physiological organization (meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and brain ventricular system, hematoencephalic barrier).
 Localizations of brain functions
 Brain representation of sensory stimuli (difference between sensation and perception). General organization of sensory systems
 Somatosensory system
 Visual System
 Motor systems (pathways for voluntary and reflex movements control)
 Posture

• Skeletal muscles
• Macroscopic anatomy, cellular and molecular structures, sarcomere
• Mechanism of muscle contraction,
• Coupling excitation-contraction
• Signal stimulation and Tetanic stimulation
• Methabolism of the muscle, types of muscles fibers, muscular fatigue

• Autonomic nervous system.
 General organization of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic system
 Neurotransmitters, receptors, effects on targets

• Endocrine System
 Nature and action mechanisms of hormones.
 Control system involving hypothalamus and Pituitary glands.
 Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon
 Sexual hormones

• Cardiovascular system
Heart
 Cardiac muscle
 Myocardial excitation and impulse conduction (pacemakes cells).
 Heart cycle, cardiac output.
 Neural control of cardiac output

Circulatory System
 Laws of fluid mechanics applied to circulation.
 Large and small circulation
 Functions of capillaries (Starling forces, filtration absorption).
 Arterial pressure and its neural control.
Blood
 General function of blood
 Blood Elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes)

• Respiratory system
• Urinary System
• Digestive System
• Reproductive systems (hints)

B. Knowledge and understanding
Concept of Homeostasis
The Student learn about the way in which internal chemical-physical values are kept constant despite internal or external variations
Membrane Biophysics
The Student learn about the basic functions of the plasmatic membrane and the laws regulating the transportation of materials throughout it.
Nervous system
The Student learn about the anatomical substrate and the physiological mechanisms of one of the two control systems of our organism.
FRAME A4.c
A. Independent Judgment
During the course students will be ask to make questions in order to clarify doubts and curiosities. This way lecture will become a place where false beliefs and a priori ideas about the way our organism works will be unmasked. So that students will be able to understand what is the apparatus involved according to the refereed symptoms.
B. Communication abilities
During the course a precise and rigorous language will be taught. Students must understand and use it in order both to understand scientific reports of medium levels (e.g. course-books and articles of Scientific American) and to express correctly concepts inherent to physiology.
C. Learning abilities
The exam will be passed by the students who will exhibit a deep knowledge of physiology of th main apparatus and systems of human beings as well as of their interactions (both at cellular and macroscopic level)

Educational objectives

The main educational objectives of the Course of Nutraceuticals and Dietetic Products consist in providing the student with knowledge regarding the chemical composition of food with particular regard to substances with beneficial effect on health and products indicated in case of diseases related to the intake of specific nutrients / foods.
The knowledge and skills acquired during the course common to the two curricula in Herbal Techniques and Scientific Informant of the Drug, will be usable by both professionals in the field of work, thanks to the acquired critical judgment and skills useful to suggest the use of foods, supplements and dietary products for nutritional intake and for the specific impact on health.
The expected learning outcomes, acquired during the course, will therefore allow future professionals to correlate and integrate the general aspects concerning the chemical composition of foods, nutraceuticals and supplements with the specific characteristics of individual food products, thus understanding the correlation between composition and quality and acquiring the ability to process the information on the label.
The course takes place in an alternation of lectures useful to address the concepts of basic theory and classroom reports prepared by students on current topics concerning the sector, suitable to stimulate their critical-applicative and communication skills.
The more specific objectives of the course concern the acquisition by the student of transversal skills related to the detailed knowledge of: macro and micronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins), fiber and secondary metabolites; dietetic products intended for individuals in particular physiological conditions or with metabolic disorders.
At the end of the course the student will be able to communicate effectively what has been learned thanks to the exercise done with the classroom reports on current topics concerning the sector. The student will be able to continue the study in an autonomous way, thanks to the acquired skills and the concepts learned also regarding the methods of researching information on the sector. During the course will also be provided websites, bibliographic references and industry associations, possibly useful for developing collaborative relationships in the world of work. Based on the knowledge acquired, the graduate will have the necessary skills to be able to critically give indication in the field of food, nutraceuticals, supplements and health.

Educational objectives

The general aim of the course is to train the student to have adequate knowledge of most of the pharmacological aspects related to the use of drugs. Specifically, at the end of the course the student will have adequate knowledge on: i) the origin and development of drugs; ii) the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the main classes of drugs currently in use; iii) adverse effects related to the use of drugs; iv) interactions arising from the use of multiple drugs. During the course the making judgments skills will be frequently assessed through timely and constant interaction during the course classes, also in order to verify the student communication skills. Moreover, during the course students will be provided with detailed indications for the use of scientific databases and websites of public or private organizations in the area of Pharmacology to develop learning skills necessary for his/her autonomous continuous education in this field.

Educational objectives

The aim of the class is to introduce students to the main theoretical concepts and experimental designs that support research in Medicinal Chemistry. The range of material will include: (a) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, including the types of molecular targets used by drugs, the interactions which are involved and the consequences of those interactions. (b) general principles and strategies involved in discovering and designing new drugs and developing them for the marketplace; (c) selected classes of medicinal agents with particular emphasis on discovering, design, identification, metabolism, mechanism of action at the molecular level and structure-activity relationships of anti infective and antiulcer drugs. At the end of the course, the student must demonstrate that he has acquired knowledge in the field of drug design, to possess a critical capacity that allows him to formulate automatically the pharmacological activity starting from drug structure. They must also be able to communicate in a clear and comprehensive manner the salient features of a class of drugs.

Educational objectives

Understanding of the general mechanisms of damage to the organism and inflammatory response;
The etiopathogenesis of fundamental alterations of the structures, functions and control mechanisms at various levels of integration of the body systems;
Understanding the fundamental principles of immune response; defensive aspects and possible pathological consequences;
Understanding the molecular basis of oncology; etiopathogenesis of neoplastic transformation, progression to malignancy and metastasis.
Understanding of the general pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases with particular reference to human diseases of wider diffusion and social impact;
General objectives
The main educational purpose of the General Pathology course is to transfer the knowledge on the biological basis of diseases in humans.
The course aims to provide skills related to the fundamental principles of etiology and pathogenesis by providing basic knowledge to make the students able to address the study of the main biological chemical and physical pathogenic factors active on the human organism and of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the alterations of the homeostasis at the base of the diseases, development and progression of pathological events.
A further purpose is represented by the acquisition of the fundamental and common elements of medical terminology.
Specific objectives
The main knowledge provided will be:
- The basic elements and principles of etiopathogenesis and disease determinism;
- Knowledge of pathological manifestations at the molecular and cellular level, as well as on the tissues, organs, systems and systems of the human organism;
- The study of the pathophysiological processes of the main systems;
- The fundamentals of the immune system and its role in the defense against disease and in the determinism of pathological processes.
The main skills of the student, applicable to the acquired knowledge, will be:
- Knowledge of the main etiological causes of the disease, as well as the scientific-experimental methodologies to understand the etiopathogenetic mechanisms;
- Critical analysis and evaluation of pathological processes;
- The acquired knowledge of the etiopathogenetic determinism of diseases and the adequate knowledge of medical terminology allows to understand drugs mechanisms of action providing the ability to communicate with doctors and others health workers and the ability to deepen the study independently.

Educational objectives

General aims
This course leads students towards the learning of drug invention, starting from banch drug discovery, to the applied research, drug development up to the marketing. Moreover, special focus will be on regulatory affairs legislation and the complex procedures for a drug candidate to fill the safety requirements and efficacy that National and European Regulatory Agencies require for authorization.

Specific aims
1. Knowledge and understanding
The students will know and will be able to understand all aspects about basic of drug discovery, preclinical development and clinical trial of drug candidate. Knowledge of international guidelines, Italian and European rules for clinical trials approval and marketing, and activity of regulatory Authority.

2. Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course the student, applying the aquired knowledge, will be able to orient him/herself inside the different aspects of the drug research and development and inside the procedures and rules of the registration process in Italy and Europe.

3. Making judgement
At the end of the course the student will be able to evaluate a drug development process and the right regulatory process. This critical and judgement ability, will be obtained thanks to continuous interactivity hold during the course. In fact the teacher will ask questions very frequently to stimulate students to link the actual topics to all the topics studied up to that time, so that the study will not be isolated, but integrated matter with the aquired knowledge.

4. Communication skills
Judgment of the student study will be realized by oral exame about all the program topics, testing the communications ability of the student about the matter.

5. Learning skills
The student will find details of lessons on the suggested textbooks, slides, notes, and in the scientific literature and will have ability to use them to pursue an indipendent preparation. This will be useful to teh studento to find again topics of the matter also in future time when the memory of the concepts described in the lesson room will be softer. The textbooks will remain the benchmark for student that will be able to find again details of forgotten notions.

Educational objectives

The main educational objectives of the Course in Pharmacognosy, Phytotherapy and Phytovigilance are to provide the student the knowledge about the pharmacological and toxicological activity of medicinal plants and their derivatives. The knowledge and skills acquired, during the course common to the two curricula in “Tecniche erboristiche” and in “Informatore Scientifico del Farmaco”, will be usable by both professional figures in the field of work, in which the expected learning outcomes are relate to: quality control, composition, safety , possible effectiveness and relative promotion/advertising of products of plant origin. The course takes place in an alternation of lectures (useful to address the concepts of basic theory) and of practical exercises in the classroom (suitable to stimulate the student's critical-applicative skills).
The specific objectives of the Course concern the acquisition by the student of transversal skills, including the detailed knowledge of: the main regulations of the sector and consequent commercial typology various herbal products (herbal medicinal products of traditional and consolidated use, herbal food/dietary supplements, homeopathic, nutraceuticals, “cosmeceuticals” and cosmetics containing plants); the acquisition of critical skills and judgment of the composition of what is available on the market and of the main innovations of the sector, of biological activity and of the safety of use of vegetable preparations. In this last context, particular attention will be devoted to the Phytosurveillance of suspected adverse reactions and to the functioning of the Italian Phytovigilance System.
At the end of the course, the student will be able to communicate effectively what has been learned and can continue the study independently in the course of life, thanks to the skills acquired in the concepts learned and in the implementation methods of research of information in the field of medicinal plants. During the course, websites and bibliographic references and contact with industry associations, possibly useful for developing collaborative relationships in the world of work, will be provided. Based on the knowledge acquired, the graduate in Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences will have the necessary skills to carry out his profession in the pharmaceutical and / or herbal and possibly regulatory fields.

Educational objectives

Aim of the subject is to provide the student with specific chemical knowledge of the therapeutic activity of the drugs. Knowledge of pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic phases allow to understand the drug route inside the human body from absorption to distribution. This subject includes the following chapters: Drugs acting on central nervous system. General anaesthetics, Hypnotics and sedatives Drugs in therapy of depression and anxiety disorders. Drugs in therapy of psychosis and mania. Drugs in therapy of epilepsies. Oppioid analgesics. Autacoids. Analgesic-antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. Drugs used in therapy of asthma. Hormones. Androgens, estrogens and progestins. Anabolic steroids. Adrenocortitropic hormones. Drugs affecting cardiovascular system and renal function. Antiarrhytmic drugs. Drugs affecting renin and angiotensin. Drugs in therapy of myocardial ischemia, hypertension and heart failure. Drug therapy of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. Diuretics. Inside each drug class, play key roles the study of the drug discovery and development processes, the mechanism of action at molecular level, the structure-activity relationships, the metabolism and the synthesis of selected drugs. The learning route leads the student to manage the chemical knowledge of the drug action. The subject provides the student with basis at chemical level of the drug action of each drug class, the chemical manipulation to expand the spectrum of activity, to improve efficacy and tolerability.

Educational objectives

The internship, in private or public companies, aims to integrate the career of student with a hands-on experience in a professional environment. The internship offers a valuable information in making decisions about the direction of future employment.

Educational objectives

PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Il corso ha l’obiettivo di fornire allo studente le conoscenze necessarie relative agli obiettivi della Farmacovigilanza, in particolare la valutazione del rischio connesso all’assunzione dei farmaci e la stima dell’incidenza delle loro reazioni avverse. Attraverso lo studio dell’organizzazione del Sistema di Farmacovigilanza, lo studente comprenderà come tali obiettivi siano raggiungibili attraverso i seguenti passaggi fondamentali: 1) individuare il più rapidamente possibile nuove reazioni avverse da farmaci (ADR); 2) migliorare ed allargare le informazioni su ADR sospette o già note; 3) valutare i vantaggi di un farmaco su altri o su altri tipi di terapia; 4) disseminare tali informazioni per rendere più corretta e adeguata la pratica clinica terapeutica. Tali conoscenze permetteranno allo studente di acquisire capacità professionali specifiche, correlate al monitoraggio di effetti indesiderati associati ad un trattamento farmacologico. Durante il corso, lo studente sarà stimolato a formulare giudizi e ad esercitare il senso critico relativamente alle problematiche studiate.
Il corso è articolato in lezioni frontali al fine di consentire l'acquisizione delle conoscenze, di sviluppare le capacità comunicative ed il linguaggio tecnico attraverso l'interazione in aula con il docente su argomenti inerenti al corso e a problematiche correlate. L'approccio critico del corso permetterà allo studente di sviluppare l'autonomia di apprendimento, utile ai fini degli studi successivi o per l'auto-aggiornamento.

TOXICOLOGY
The course of Toxicology aims to provide students with the qualifying knowledge about the toxicological effects and the mechanism of action of physical and chemical agents on mammals and environment, and about the possible protective/preventive strategies to apply for the toxicity risk management. The student will acquire knowledge about the principles of general toxicology (toxicodynamic, toxicokinetic, mutagenesis, cancerogenesis and teratogenesis), the risk assessment procedures, and about some topics of systemic toxicology, food toxicology and ecotoxicology. This knowledge will allow the student to acquire the suitable professional skills related to environmental, drug, cosmetic and food safety. During the course, the student will be stimulated to critically evaluate the challenges and problems about the topic under study, particularly the toxicity power of some natural compounds whose toxicity risk is often underperceived due to their natural origin or the low exposure levels. The course is based on lectures aimed at developing communication skills and technical language through the classroom interaction with the lecturer about the toxicology and the related challenges. Taking advantage of the lecturer support, the student could explore specific topics of toxicology, through looking up medical and scientific databases, which will be further discussed in the classroom. The course will also allow the student to develop communication skills and autonomy of learning, useful to perform subsequent studies or for the self-updating.

Educational objectives

Aim of the course is to provide the basic knowledge on pharmaceutical technology and italian regulations on pharmaceutics, allowing to perform the activity of herbalist and pharmaceutical representative.

This final aim is achieved through the achievement of specific objectives concerning:
• the knowledge of the national regulatory bases of medicinal, cosmetic and health products;
• the knowledge of the main techniques of formulation and production of medicinal, cosmetic and health products of natural and synthetic origin;
• awareness of the role in the various professional areas of relevance, on the basis of legislation and professional preparation;
• the ability to systematically apply the knowledge acquired in the course, to the various operating contexts characterizing the professional context;
• the ability to communicate the results of their own elaborations to the stakeholders;
• to be able to find the information necessary for self-updating.

These specific objectives will be achieved through the provision of lectures, the execution of group work and the preparation of written reports.

Educational objectives

In addition to the compulsory courses, students have 12 credits for independently chosen educational activities that can be used to complete their preparation. Students can acquire these credits choosing two topics among the groups belonging to the optional courses. Otherwise, the student's choice will be assessed by the Board.

Educational objectives

In addition to the compulsory courses, students have 12 credits for independently chosen educational activities that can be used to complete their preparation. Students can acquire these credits choosing two topics among the groups belonging to the optional courses. Otherwise, the student's choice will be assessed by the Board.

Educational objectives

The final test verifies the achievement of learning objectives of the Course.