Medical Biotechnology

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of ethical principles and the relevant soft law and regulatory framework for the field of biomedical biotechnology. Knowledge and application of the principles and rules of research ethics in biomedical research and clinical trials. Knowledge of the principles and rules of integrity in research and ability to identify major instances of research misconduct.
Analysis of international charters and relevant guideline documents. Analysis of model consent informed consent and disclosures for participants in experimental activities. Knowledge and ability to apply of the main legal instruments protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent in the processing of personal data in health care and scientific research. Ethical evaluation of a research. Evaluation of ethical and biojuridical aspects of advanced therapies.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

The main aspects inherent in the organization and regulation of the human genome, mutation, and cytogenetics will be explained in this course. Molecular aspects of monogenic and complex diseases and basic information on human genome instability will be developed. Practical applications of human genetics (genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, genetic screening) will also be described. Issues related to the causes of mutation as responsible for inherited diseases will also be addressed.
The aim of the Biotechnology of Reproduction module is to acquire scientific and professional skills in the area of reproduction related to biotechnology. To achieve this objective, an advanced knowledge base will be provided on cryobiology, molecular biology of the male gamete, embryology, pathophysiology of reproduction and Assisted Reproductive Fertilization techniques.
Knowledge will be acquired on the causes of infertility and first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility, ultrastructural physiopathology of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility. The students will be trained in both basic and applied research in the diagnosis and resolution of pathologies involved in fertility.

Educational objectives

The main aspects inherent in the organization and regulation of the human genome, mutation, and cytogenetics will be explained in this course. Molecular aspects of monogenic and complex diseases and basic information on human genome instability will be developed. Practical applications of human genetics (genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, genetic screening) will also be described. Issues related to the causes of mutation as responsible for inherited diseases will also be addressed.
The aim of the Biotechnology of Reproduction module is to acquire scientific and professional skills in the area of reproduction related to biotechnology. To achieve this objective, an advanced knowledge base will be provided on cryobiology, molecular biology of the male gamete, embryology, pathophysiology of reproduction and Assisted Reproductive Fertilization techniques.
Knowledge will be acquired on the causes of infertility and first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility, ultrastructural physiopathology of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility. The students will be trained in both basic and applied research in the diagnosis and resolution of pathologies involved in fertility.

Educational objectives

The aim of the Course of Biotechnology of human reproduction is to provide a specific training in the field of gametology and fertility.
In this course of study we will discuss the main aspects of the organization and regulation of the human genome, mutation, cytogenetics. The molecular aspects will be developed for monogenic and complex diseases, and basic information about the instability of the human genome. Human genetics and its practical applications will also be described (genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, genetic screening). It will also address the question concerning the causes of mutations as responsible for hereditary diseases.
Provide the basis for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic diseases, pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms leading to the onset of the diseases. Integrate the programs of the other courses and modules that refer to the scientific-disciplinary sector General Pathology (MED / 04). Acquire the ability to connect the molecular alterations with the pathogenesis of diseases at higher integration levels (cells, tissues, organs, body). Provide the conceptual basis for the design of personalized and gene therapy approaches.

Educational objectives

The main aspects inherent in the organization and regulation of the human genome, mutation, and cytogenetics will be explained in this course. Molecular aspects of monogenic and complex diseases and basic information on human genome instability will be developed. Practical applications of human genetics (genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, genetic screening) will also be described. Issues related to the causes of mutation as responsible for inherited diseases will also be addressed.
The aim of the Biotechnology of Reproduction module is to acquire scientific and professional skills in the area of reproduction related to biotechnology. To achieve this objective, an advanced knowledge base will be provided on cryobiology, molecular biology of the male gamete, embryology, pathophysiology of reproduction and Assisted Reproductive Fertilization techniques.
Knowledge will be acquired on the causes of infertility and first and second level laboratory diagnostics of male infertility, ultrastructural physiopathology of the male gamete and the clinical impact on fertility. The students will be trained in both basic and applied research in the diagnosis and resolution of pathologies involved in fertility.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the student will know the fields of medicine in which biotechnology has made significant changes in the understanding and treatment of pathologies and the progress achieved in particular in: immunology, hematology, oncology, endocrinology and regenerative medicine.
He/she will know the organization of the species most frequently used in animal experimentation and possess information on Italian legislation regarding animal experimentation and the unavoidable ethical question that these studies raise. He will be able to hypothesize the creation of animal models for the pathophysiological study of human diseases and for the identification of therapeutic targets. Through face-to-face lectures, the student will learn a pathway of disease knowledge and biological problem solving.
He/she will be able to understand how the discipline “Hematology” has been the model for the study of neoplastic diseases, drawing a pathway from the molecular characterization of a disease to its treatment. The student will learn about chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as a model in which biotechnology has produced exciting data. He will also know the biological basis and clinical application of molecularly targeted therapeutics and recent antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies.
As well as in endocrinology he/she will be able to see how molecular biology has enabled the characterization of certain diseases and will be able to analyze the possibility and limitations of the gene therapy approach in this field. He will know the main molecular mechanisms of immune-evasion by viruses, especially herpesviruses, and the causes of persistence in the host, and he will know models of oncogenesis related to viral infections (EBV, KSHV). He/she will know the processes of tissue regeneration and repair in relation to the mechanisms involved in their regulation, indicating their possible use in humans with special emphasis on skeletal muscles.
He/she should be able to design studies for the purpose of suggesting innovative pathogenetic and/or therapeutic pathways.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course the student should be familiar with the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and with the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations. At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, preclinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Hematology (DEL GIUDICE):
Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of normal and pathological hematopoiesis. Acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias as models for understanding the development of neoplasms and pathways of cure by molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Chronic myeloid leukemia and acute promyelocyte leukemia as demonstrating the possibility of cure when the causative molecular mechanisms of a disease are known. Knowledge and understanding of the biological and organizational basis for performing hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Knowledge and understanding of the biological basis and clinical application of antibody and cellular immunotherapy strategies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to actively compose a research project in the field of hematology modeled after the pathways learned. He/she will be able to participate, for example, in a Ph.D. program in Hematological Disciplines.
Pathologic Anatomy (COURSES).
Knowledge and Understanding: By the end of this course the student should be aware of the main biological, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue and organ regeneration and repair and the general principles of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, particularly skeletal, including possible applications and limitations.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course, the student should, by applying the knowledge acquired from this teaching, be able to critically evaluate the role of stem cells in terms of tissue homeostasis and functional plasticity as well as their applicability in in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical experimental models, also in order to propose and elaborate tissue engineering solutions with reparative/regenerative purposes.
Immunology (PICONESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: Know the mechanisms of development of physiological or aberrant immune responses in immunopathology. Know the main pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. Know the role of the various arms of adaptive immunity (B cells, CD4, CD8 and Treg T cells) in the development of these diseases. Know the main mouse models used to study cells of immunity in the above diseases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Immunology: Apply acquired knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of results derived from experimental research. Identify limitations and critical issues in experimental models of immune-mediated diseases.
Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and Understanding: short course aimed at knowledge of the basic aspects of functional anatomy of the most frequently used species in biomedical research i.e. Rodents and Lagomorphs. Description of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the rat with details of the mouse and rabbit. Hints regarding hamster, guinea pig and gerbil, employed to a lesser extent in biomedicine. Morphostructural particularities of species used as specific models in the investigation of certain diseases. Acquisition of concepts concerning the body structure of experimental animals essential for anyone facing the responsibility-ethical and biotechnological-of animal experimentation.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the course the student should be able to identify a topic of study (related if possible to his/her scientific interests and/or academic profile such as e.g., internship, experimental thesis, etc.) and relate it to the description of anatomical peculiarities significant for the development of the investigation. The student -performed a brief literature search, will prepare a power point presentation in Italian or English and discuss his/her paper in light of the literature consulted.
Animal Models of Disease (CAMPESE):
Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the educational course the student should know: advantages and limitations of genetically modified mouse models; the essential procedural elements for the generation, characterization and maintenance of mouse colonies; the specific characteristics of the main types of genetically manipulated mouse models, both conventional and conditional; basic knowledge of European and Italian legislation inherent to the use of animals for scientific purposes;
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: Apply the acquired knowledge to discriminate the specific characteristics, advantages and limitations of the different types of genetically modified mouse models and critically evaluate their potential role in the study of human diseases; recognize what limits are imposed by the legislature on animal experimentation;
Models of viral immunoevasion and oncology (SANTARELLI):
Knowledge and Understanding: Upon completion of the module, the student should know: 1) the main molecular mechanisms that regulate the persistence of herpesviruses in the host; 2) the strategies by which these viruses “evade” the immune response; 3) the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tumors associated with EBV and HHV-8 (or KSHV) infections. Indeed, these herpesviruses are considered useful models for investigating the mechanisms of oncogenesis; 4) the experimental approaches that have led to the development of currently adopted therapies, including cellular therapies
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: based on the knowledge acquired following this module, the student should be able to discuss the rationale and experimental approaches of the scientific papers presented during the course. He or she should also demonstrate that he or she has developed the ability to interpret the results present in the scientific article that will be part of the examination and, possibly, propose an alternative experimental strategy.
Endocrinology (BALDINI):
Knowledge and understanding: the student will be expected to know: i) the pathophysiological basis of major endocrine diseases; ii) some examples of animal models of endocrine diseases; iii) applications of molecular biology techniques for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in endocrinopathies; iv) gene therapy approaches for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student, starting from the current limitations of molecular biology and biotechnology in the diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and follow-up of endocrine diseases, should become aware of the potential offered by the development of biotechnology and its positive impact on the quality of life of patients.

Critical and judgment skills:
The student will be able to connect the knowledge learned in the course and link animal models for studying the diseases presented. Establish the appropriate experimental strategy to answer research questions in the various fields of study. Understand and make judgments about the possibility of generating “knock-out” or “knock-in” animals for a gene whose mutation is causative or favorable in one of the pathologies of the disciplines that have been covered in depth (Hematology, Endocrinology, Immunology, Oncology). Judge the depth of results and correctness of experimental approach.
Ability to communicate what has been learned: for this the student will be evaluated in the examination.
Ability to pursue study independently in the course of life: the indication to use scientific papers published in journals with Impact Factor and reported on the PubMed site, on the topics covered in the lectures, for the preparation for the examination will produce the development of autonomous study skills and working models in the field of Biotechnology.

Educational objectives

Understanding the principles of the targeted therapy and pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in patient care.
Understanding the main post-marketing drug monitoring activities.

Educational objectives

Understanding the principles of the targeted therapy and pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in patient care.
Understanding the main post-marketing drug monitoring activities.

Educational objectives

Understanding the principles of the targeted therapy and pharmacokinetics, their relevance in drug research and development, and importance in patient care.
Understanding the main post-marketing drug monitoring activities.

Educational objectives

Laboratory and molecular diagnostics
To provide the basis of knowledge a) of the general principles and of the most commonly used techniques in the molecular diagnosis of human pathologies and b) of the role of the Human Papilloma Virus in the human pathology.
Leaning of principles and aims of laboratory and molecular diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Comprehension of potential and limits of the biomolecular approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Comprehension of aims, potential and limits of the high-throughput automated approaches. Practical application to specific genetic diseases.

Molecular diagnostics and imaging
Acquisition of the methodologies to choose the best and safest molecular diagnostic techniques for tissue application for the purpose of personalized cancer treatments.
The field of interest of “Pathology”
Distinction between “clinical” and “pathological diagnosis”
Awareness of the techniques commonly used for a histological diagnosis
Learning of basic notions on radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation for in vivo molecular imaging with radiolabelled or fluorescent probes.

Educational objectives

Laboratory and molecular diagnostics
To provide the basis of knowledge a) of the general principles and of the most commonly used techniques in the molecular diagnosis of human pathologies and b) of the role of the Human Papilloma Virus in the human pathology.
Leaning of principles and aims of laboratory and molecular diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Comprehension of potential and limits of the biomolecular approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Comprehension of aims, potential and limits of the high-throughput automated approaches. Practical application to specific genetic diseases.

Molecular diagnostics and imaging
Acquisition of the methodologies to choose the best and safest molecular diagnostic techniques for tissue application for the purpose of personalized cancer treatments.
The field of interest of “Pathology”
Distinction between “clinical” and “pathological diagnosis”
Awareness of the techniques commonly used for a histological diagnosis
Learning of basic notions on radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation for in vivo molecular imaging with radiolabelled or fluorescent probes.

Educational objectives

Laboratory and molecular diagnostics
To provide the basis of knowledge a) of the general principles and of the most commonly used techniques in the molecular diagnosis of human pathologies and b) of the role of the Human Papilloma Virus in the human pathology.
Leaning of principles and aims of laboratory and molecular diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Comprehension of potential and limits of the biomolecular approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Comprehension of aims, potential and limits of the high-throughput automated approaches. Practical application to specific genetic diseases.

Molecular diagnostics and imaging
Acquisition of the methodologies to choose the best and safest molecular diagnostic techniques for tissue application for the purpose of personalized cancer treatments.
The field of interest of “Pathology”
Distinction between “clinical” and “pathological diagnosis”
Awareness of the techniques commonly used for a histological diagnosis
Learning of basic notions on radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation for in vivo molecular imaging with radiolabelled or fluorescent probes.

Educational objectives

Laboratory and molecular diagnostics
To provide the basis of knowledge a) of the general principles and of the most commonly used techniques in the molecular diagnosis of human pathologies and b) of the role of the Human Papilloma Virus in the human pathology.
Leaning of principles and aims of laboratory and molecular diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Comprehension of potential and limits of the biomolecular approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Comprehension of aims, potential and limits of the high-throughput automated approaches. Practical application to specific genetic diseases.

Molecular diagnostics and imaging
Acquisition of the methodologies to choose the best and safest molecular diagnostic techniques for tissue application for the purpose of personalized cancer treatments.
The field of interest of “Pathology”
Distinction between “clinical” and “pathological diagnosis”
Awareness of the techniques commonly used for a histological diagnosis
Learning of basic notions on radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation for in vivo molecular imaging with radiolabelled or fluorescent probes.

Educational objectives

Laboratory and molecular diagnostics
To provide the basis of knowledge a) of the general principles and of the most commonly used techniques in the molecular diagnosis of human pathologies and b) of the role of the Human Papilloma Virus in the human pathology.
Leaning of principles and aims of laboratory and molecular diagnostics in the biotechnologies applied to medical diagnostics. Comprehension of potential and limits of the biomolecular approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Comprehension of aims, potential and limits of the high-throughput automated approaches. Practical application to specific genetic diseases.

Molecular diagnostics and imaging
Acquisition of the methodologies to choose the best and safest molecular diagnostic techniques for tissue application for the purpose of personalized cancer treatments.
The field of interest of “Pathology”
Distinction between “clinical” and “pathological diagnosis”
Awareness of the techniques commonly used for a histological diagnosis
Learning of basic notions on radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals and instrumentation for in vivo molecular imaging with radiolabelled or fluorescent probes.

Educational objectives

Insegnamento a scelta dello studente

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide knowledge of i) the molecular mechanisms controlling physiological cellular functions (e.g., cell proliferation, death, senescence, differentiation), ii) how the cell regulates these functions in response to stimuli from the tissue microenvironment, iii) how it integrates these signals in order to contribute to the tissue homeostasis, iv) the alterations found in different physio-pathological conditions. The neoplastic transformation will be used as a paradigm of deregulations involving multi-level cellular function, and the liver as example of organ for physio-pathological studies. The student, once acquired knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell functions, will acquire skills to propose experimental approaches for the analysis of these functions both in vitro and in vivo.
These skills will be developed through simulations of scientific problems in interactive lessons, where students will develop critical skills, will apply the acquired knowledge and will discuss collectively the possible experimental approaches for their solving.
Biocomuputing module:
To acquire proficiency in using the Unix shell as a fundamental tool for automating repetitive tasks and efficiently managing complex workflows. Students will learn how to combine commands to build operational pipelines and apply shell usage to advanced data processing tasks, with a particular focus on applications in high-performance computing (HPC) and bioinformatics analysis.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with advanced theoretical and methodological knowledge in the field of tissue, organ, and system homeostasis and regeneration. Particular emphasis will be placed on defining the processes of regeneration and physiological repair of various tissues and organs, as well as on the morphological and histopathological features of aberrant or limited tissue regeneration.
The course will also cover the mechanisms of communication between organs in order to understand their reciprocal influences, both under physiological conditions and in pathological contexts.
Classical and innovative technologies (such as imaging techniques) for observing and analyzing the microarchitecture of tissues and organs during the different phases of renewal and lesion repair will be discussed. Preclinical approaches will also be described, with an in-depth focus on techniques and challenges related to preclinical experimentation.
The course will thoroughly discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration in humans and in other animal species, with the aim of characterizing processes that have been silenced during evolution, as well as the mechanisms of regeneration and repair in different adult tissues. Special emphasis will be given to the development and characterization of stem cell niches (both embryonic and adult) and to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS). The importance of the tissue niche in mediating the differentiation fate of stem cells and the factors that define the tissue microenvironment will also be discussed.
By the end of the course, students will have acquired knowledge and skills related to some of the most recent biotechnological and preclinical applications for the development of advanced therapies aimed at the regeneration of tissues and organs in various body systems.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

The course objectives are as follows:
To understand the key theories regarding the origin and evolution of viruses and parasites.
To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the biological and molecular processes involved in the interaction between microorganisms and hosts, as well as in pathogenicity.
To explore the causes and mechanisms behind major viral and parasitic diseases.
To study the molecular mechanisms involved in antiviral resistance.
To learn about the application of key biotechnologies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious diseases.
These goals will be achieved through traditional lectures, seminars, and interactive activities.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of ethical principles and the relevant soft law and regulatory framework for the field of biomedical biotechnology. Knowledge and application of the principles and rules of research ethics in biomedical research and clinical trials. Knowledge of the principles and rules of integrity in research and ability to identify major instances of research misconduct.
Analysis of international charters and relevant guideline documents. Analysis of model consent informed consent and disclosures for participants in experimental activities. Knowledge and ability to apply of the main legal instruments protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent in the processing of personal data in health care and scientific research. Ethical evaluation of a research. Evaluation of ethical and biojuridical aspects of advanced therapies.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

Understand the main methodologies for determining protein structures.
Learn the main methods used in proteomic analysis, the types of data generated, and their key limitations.
Determine the thermodynamic stability of proteins and understand their mechanisms of folding. Mechanisms of aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Intermolecular interactions: binding affinity and association/dissociation rate constants.
Learn the general principles of the design, heterologous production and mutagenesis of proteins.
Acquire capacity of critical reading of scientific papers.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with theoretical and practical knowledge related to the application of computational methodologies to the study of complex biological systems,
with particular reference to the analysis of omics big data, the use of bioinformatics tools, and the use of molecular dynamics and machine learning techniques.

Module 1 - Big Data and Omics Science
Knowledge and Understanding
Know the basic Unix/Linux shell commands for filesystem management.
Become familiar with the basic concepts of genomics and transcriptomics and the main sequencing technologies (first, second and third generation).
Understand the organization and content of major biological databases.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use shell commands to manipulate files, folders, data streams, and filters (e.g., grep) in big data environments.
Apply bioinformatics tools for gene expression analysis, functional annotation, and genomic visualization (e.g., UCSC Genome Browser).
Leverage web tools for differential analysis and functional enrichment.
Autonomy of judgment
Critically evaluate bioinformatics tools, methods, and resources used for omics data analysis.
Select the most appropriate strategies for querying, integrating, and analyzing large biological datasets.
Communication Skills
Effectively present and discuss the results of bioinformatics analyses, using correct scientific terminology and digital communication tools.
Learning skills
Develop an autonomous and proactive approach to continuous learning in bioinformatics and omics sciences, with emphasis on updating digital resources and databases.

Module 3 - Computational Biology and Molecular Dynamics
Knowledge and Understanding
Gain up-to-date knowledge of computational methodologies for structural analysis of biomolecules, including molecular docking, protein modeling and molecular dynamics.
Understand the relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
Use tools for scientific computational sessions and structural analysis of proteins.
Model the three-dimensional structure of proteins and simulate the molecular dynamics of soluble and membrane proteins, as well as ligand/protein interactions.
Access databases to complete, validate and analyze structural models.
Critically interpret simulation results and estimate their biophysical relevance.
Autonomy of judgment
Independently assess the quality of computational and experimental data.
Make informed judgments about the reliability of biological models obtained from simulations or predictions.
Communication Skills
Communicate methods, results, and conclusions effectively to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, including in interdisciplinary settings.
Learning skills
Conduct autonomous computational investigations, including in advanced research settings, while maintaining up-to-date technical and scientific skills.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

General objectives:
The main objective of the teaching is to provide the student with more knowledge in the fields of immunology and diseases associated with the immune system, as well as with general pathology. The deepening of the cellular and molecular processes underlying different diseases, and of the new diagnosis and therapeutic tools offered by biotechnologies, will offer the student an up-to-date view on the different possibilities of diagnosis and therapy.

Lectures will help to develop competences on the etiopathogenic bases of diseases, fundamental for a biotechnological medical approach to themselves.

Specific objectives:
The Immunology and Immunopathology part of the course is aimed at providing the students with the basic knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the main immune-mediated disorders in humans, and how they can be exploited for innovative biotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Particular attention will be given to the study of chronic inflammatory diseases, response to infections, allergic reactions, rejection of organ and tissue transplants, immunotherapies of tumors and primary immunodeficiencies.
The part of the course related to Molecular and Cellular Pathology aims to provide the basic knowledge to make the student able to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological processes in humans. In recent years, important discoveries have highlighted the importance of the study of pathologies both at the cellular and molecular level. The knowledge of the molecular processes that underlie diseases allows the development of new biological therapies, demonstrating how fundamental the analysis of the molecular and cellular aspect is, generating new questions and opening up to further analysis. The knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases, at the molecular and cellular level, allows to create the necessary substrate for a biotechnological approach in different fields, such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical aspects of human diseases. In particular, the focus will be on the molecular and cellular bases of those human diseases whose incidence has increased in recent years, in relation to the fact that the average age of the human population has grown. Therefore, diseases such as malignancies and chronic degenerative diseases – e.g., diabetes and atherosclerosis - will be discussed. The pathogenetic mechanisms of non-coding RNA (microRNA and long non-coding RNA) will be also examined. Molecular mechanisms regulating the maintenance of stem cells, their use for therapeutic purposes and the involvement of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of tumor processes will be described. The methods of next generation sequencing (NGS) and some practical examples will be discussed as well.

For both modules, among the specific objectives that the student will achieve at the end of the course, there will be:
- the ability to perform bibliographic searches in international scientific databases (eg PubMed);
- the ability to select scientific articles on the topics covered during the course;
- the ability to understand and elaborate a scientific article in English;
- the integration of the knowledge acquired during the course with the international scientific literature;
- the ability to communicate orally, through a computer presentation (with the power point program), the results described in a scientific article;
- the ability to study autonomously, self-administered and integrating material from multiple sources (textbooks, material provided by teachers, scientific literature).

The ability to search scientific data and literature on specific subjects, the ability to assess the impact that the various scientific journals have in the international community, together with the knowledge and skills in the field of immunology and pathology, will provide the student with useful and crucial tools for consulting multiple sources, developing research projects, analyzing data, communicating results, and gaining more knowledge on some of the latest biotechnological innovations applied in the biomedical field.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of information about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymeric and ceramic.
Acquire information on the biocompatibility of biomaterials and pathology.
Learning of elementaly tissue reactions associated with the use of biomaterials. Comprehension of the essential aspects of biomaterial-dependent pathology. Comprehension of the role of experimental models in the development and analysis of biomaterials
Learning the basic principles related to the materials used in medicine and in particular to biomaterials. Knowledge of the main characterization techniques and manufacturing processes of materials.
Understanding of the potential and application limits of biomaterials in medicine.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of information about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymeric and ceramic.
Acquire information on the biocompatibility of biomaterials and pathology.
Learning of elementaly tissue reactions associated with the use of biomaterials. Comprehension of the essential aspects of biomaterial-dependent pathology. Comprehension of the role of experimental models in the development and analysis of biomaterials
Learning the basic principles related to the materials used in medicine and in particular to biomaterials. Knowledge of the main characterization techniques and manufacturing processes of materials.
Understanding of the potential and application limits of biomaterials in medicine.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of information about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymeric and ceramic.
Acquire information on the biocompatibility of biomaterials and pathology.
Learning of elementaly tissue reactions associated with the use of biomaterials. Comprehension of the essential aspects of biomaterial-dependent pathology. Comprehension of the role of experimental models in the development and analysis of biomaterials
Learning the basic principles related to the materials used in medicine and in particular to biomaterials. Knowledge of the main characterization techniques and manufacturing processes of materials.
Understanding of the potential and application limits of biomaterials in medicine.

Educational objectives

Acquisition of information about the clinical application of biomaterials, in particular those of metal, composites, polymeric and ceramic.
Acquire information on the biocompatibility of biomaterials and pathology.
Learning of elementaly tissue reactions associated with the use of biomaterials. Comprehension of the essential aspects of biomaterial-dependent pathology. Comprehension of the role of experimental models in the development and analysis of biomaterials
Learning the basic principles related to the materials used in medicine and in particular to biomaterials. Knowledge of the main characterization techniques and manufacturing processes of materials.
Understanding of the potential and application limits of biomaterials in medicine.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the fundamentals of applied and computational mechanics. Application to medical biotechnologies and, in particular, to prosthetic devices and enabling micro- and nanotechnologies. The course aims at developing in students the skills to study independently recent research in biomechanics and the skills to communicate the results to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide advanced skills in the field of biotechnology applied to regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and organ modeling. Students will gain knowledge of biomaterials, 3D bioprinting technologies, and protocols for the fabrication and maturation of artificial tissues. The program covers preclinical and clinical models of cell transplantation and the use of physiological and pathological organoids. Special focus is placed on the application of advanced therapies in the cardiovascular field, GMP regulations, and the use of bioengineered devices for organ function replacement. The course integrates theory, experimentation, and clinical perspectives in an interdisciplinary context.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide advanced skills in the field of biotechnology applied to regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and organ modeling. Students will gain knowledge of biomaterials, 3D bioprinting technologies, and protocols for the fabrication and maturation of artificial tissues. The program covers preclinical and clinical models of cell transplantation and the use of physiological and pathological organoids. Special focus is placed on the application of advanced therapies in the cardiovascular field, GMP regulations, and the use of bioengineered devices for organ function replacement. The course integrates theory, experimentation, and clinical perspectives in an interdisciplinary context.

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide advanced skills in the field of biotechnology applied to regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and organ modeling. Students will gain knowledge of biomaterials, 3D bioprinting technologies, and protocols for the fabrication and maturation of artificial tissues. The program covers preclinical and clinical models of cell transplantation and the use of physiological and pathological organoids. Special focus is placed on the application of advanced therapies in the cardiovascular field, GMP regulations, and the use of bioengineered devices for organ function replacement. The course integrates theory, experimentation, and clinical perspectives in an interdisciplinary context.

Educational objectives

Insegnamento a scelta dello studente