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This course provides an introductory overview of the main concepts of Earth Sciences, with particular focus on topics relevant to the foundational education of engineering students. After a brief introduction to the internal structure of the Earth and the principles of general geology, the course explores the chemical composition of the Earth's crust, focusing on the relative abundance of elements and the main rock-forming minerals. A key section of the course is dedicated to the theory of plate tectonics, which offers a unifying framework for understanding geodynamic processes, mountain building, the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, and the evolution of the lithosphere. Three modules are then devoted to igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. For each rock type, the course examines the genetic processes, mineralogical and structural characteristics, and main classification schemes. Topics such as chemical and physical weathering, sedimentation, diagenesis, and metamorphism are discussed within the broader context of the global rock cycle. The course continues with the study of the exogenous cycle, i.e., the set of processes that shape the Earth’s surface through the combined action of atmospheric, hydrological, and biological agents. Natural hazards such as landslides and erosion are addressed, along with the effects of human activities on surface processes. The final part of the course focuses on water-rock interaction systems, introducing the main geochemical mechanisms between natural waters and geological materials, groundwater flow, and basic hydrogeological concepts. Emphasis is placed on the significance of these processes for environmental applications, geotechnical considerations, and resource management.

Basic knowledge of general chemistry, physics, and mathematics, particularly concepts related to states of matter, fundamental physical laws, and basic algebra and functions.

Students will have access to lecture notes provided by the instructor in digital format through the university’s e-learning platform. The material includes presentation slides, summary charts, examples of rock classifications, simplified geological maps, solved exercises, and selected scientific readings. The notes serve as a supplementary study aid but do not fully replace the recommended textbooks.

Attendance is not mandatory, but it is strongly recommended to effectively follow the progression of topics, participate in exercises, and benefit from direct interaction with the instructor. Active participation in class helps enhance understanding and supports preparation for the final examination.

Student performance will be assessed through a final written exam consisting of open-ended and/or multiple-choice questions aimed at evaluating the understanding of theoretical concepts and the ability to apply knowledge to practical cases. The exam may include interpretation of geological diagrams, rock classifications, or brief analytical exercises.

The course is delivered through in-person classroom lectures, supported by multimedia teaching materials (slides, models, educational videos). Lectures will include guided discussions, analysis of case studies, and practical exercises aimed at reinforcing theoretical concepts. When possible, students may also take part in short field activities or geological map exercises, depending on logistical feasibility and academic scheduling.