Medicine and Surgery

VITAMINS: Structure and functions, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins. Nutritional needs. Hypovitaminosis and hypervitaminosis. Free radicals and antioxidants. BIOENERGETICS: ATP and other high-energy compounds. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors and uncoupling agents of cellular respiration. Biological oxidation-reduction reactions. METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES: Digestion and absorption. Anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis. Oxidation of pyruvate. Krebs citric acid cycle. Glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis. Gluconeogenesis. Pentose phosphate pathway. Anaplerotic reactions. METABOLISM OF LIPIDS: Digestion and absorption. Catabolism of fatty acids. Metabolism of propionylCoA. Formation of ketone bodies and ketone bodies. Biosynthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of cholesterol. Lipoproteins and lipid transport. METABOLISM OF PROTEINS: Digestion and absorption. Proteolytic enzymes. Intracellular degradation of proteins: proteasome. Post-translational modifications of proteins. Metabolism of amino acids: transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation reactions. Biogenic amines. Metabolism of phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. Urea cycle. Biosynthesis and catabolism of heme: bilirubin. METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES: Catabolism of purine bases: uric acid. HORMONES: Chemistry, properties and mechanism of action. Receptors. Signal transduction and second messengers. Hormonal regulation of glycaemia. Hormonal regulation of mineral metabolism (calcium and phosphorus). TOPICS OF HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY: Blood clotting. Metabolism of xenobiotics and cytochrome P450. Energy and nutritional needs. BIOCHEMICAL METHODS: Chromatography. Electrophoresis. Spectrometry. Fluorometry. Recombinant DNA techniques. I Chemical composition of the living matter. Properties of water. Biological buffer systems. . Proteins: Amino acids. Classification, properties, dissociation, isoelectric point. Peptide bond. Natural peptides. Glutathione. Neuropeptides. Structure of proteins. Structural organization levels. Collagen, elastin. Denaturation of proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobinopathies. Immunoglobulins. Blood composition. Biochemical basis of muscle contraction. Introduction to proteomics. Domains and structural motifs in proteins. Principles of macromolecules recognition: protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding. Molecular basis of degenerative diseases caused by misfolding: prions and -amyloids. Nucleic acids. Nucleotides. DNA double helical structures: A, B and Z; DNA supercoiling; cruciform DNA structures; RNA structure. Genetic code. Protein synthesis and its inhibition. Principles of biochemical methods and molecular biology techniques. Macromolecules purification and characterization methods: chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, mass spectrometry. Methods for the determination of macromolecules’ molecular weight. DNA purification. Nucleic acid hybridizations. Molecular cloning. PCR and its applications. Recombinant protein expression methods. Carbohydrates. Mono-, oligo- and poly-saccharides. Storage and structural polysaccharides. Proteoglycans. Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins: blood groups. Lipids. Classification. Fatty acids and neutral fats. Phospholipids and sphingolipids. Arachidonic acid and its derivatives. Cholesterol and derivatives. Lipoprotein structure. Biological membranes. Membrane proteins: structure and properties. Membrane transport. The Na+/K+ pump. Ion channels. Peptide antibiotics. Vitamins. Natural sources. Active forms and function. Hypo- and hypervitaminosis. Enzymes. Thermodynamic aspects of catalysis. Enzyme kinetics. Mechanisms of catalysis and regulation. Allostery. Enzyme inhibition. Enzyme classification. Coenzymes. Proteases. Blood clotting: physiological role and involvement in pathology.

The knowledge of the topics of the Chemistry and biochemical Propaedeutics course is prerequisite for Biochemistry course

David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox 'I Principi di Biochimica di Lehninger' Zanichelli Garrett-Grisham 'Biochimica' Piccin Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer 'Biochimica' Zanichelli Siliprandi - Tettamanti 'Biochimica Medica - Strutturale, Metabolica e Funzionale' Piccin Matthews Van Holde et al "Biochimica" Piccin Ferrier "Le basi della Biochimica" Zanichelli Campbell et al. "Biochimica" EdiSes All textbooks cover the entire program, the choice of which text to adopt is left to student's preferences.

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the Dental School. Power point presentations on the main Biochemistry topics are available on the google classroom platform of the course.

Following the Regulations of the Medical School, the student is required to attend educational activities, formal, non-formal, vocational. The frequency is checked by the teachers through signature / updated lists provided by the Academic Office, as established by medical school teaching commission. The certificate of mandatory attendance to the teaching course is required to the student to be admitted at the final test.

The exam will consist of an oral exam. The student must demonstrate to recognize and describe the structure of the main molecules of biological interest. The description of the main metabolic pathways is also required.

Thomas M. Devlin 'Biochimica con Aspetti Clinici' EDISES M. Lieberman, A. Marks 'Marks Biochimica Medica Un approccio clinico' Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Autori vari 'Harper's Biochimica illustrata' EMSI

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the Dental School. Power point presentations on the main Biochemistry topics are available on the google classroom platform of the course.

Synthesis and degradation of glycogen. Gluconeogenesis. The pentose phosphate pathway. Shuttle systems. Regulation and physiological implications. Oxidation of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Citric acid cycle. Protein metabolism. Absorption and digestion. Amino acid metabolism: transamination, deamination, decarboxylation. Adrenalin and GABA biosynthesis. Urea cycle. Regulation and physiopathological implications. Heme metabolism. Basics of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory chain: complex I-IV and chemiosmotic theory. ATP synthase. Inhibitors and uncouplers. Energetic yield of carbohydrate and lipid catabolism. Integration and control of metabolic processes. Insulin and glucagon control of glycemia. Signal transduction. Structural basis of receptor biochemistry. Receptor families. Adrenergic, nicotinic and tyrosine-kinase receptors. Second messengers (cAMP, inositol, Ca2+). Mechanism of action of steroid hormones. Local hormones (NO, eicosanoids). Mechanism of vision. Introduction to Nutritional biochemistry. Principles of Bioinformatics.

Knowledge of inorganic and organic chemistry, and of biology is requested. Water, acids and bases, buffer systems, principle of thermodynamics, atomic structure, electronegativity, redox reactions, functional groups in organic chemistry, chemical reactivity of functional groups.

Siliprandi - Tettamanti 'Biochimica Medica - Strutturale, Metabolica e Funzionale' Piccin, V ed Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory Gatto, Lubert Stryer 'Biochemistry' Zanichelli, VIII ed David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox 'I Principi di Biochimica di Lehninger' Zanichelli, VII ed

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the Medical School. Study material will be available on the elearning Sapienza platform.

Attendance is mandatory in the minimum percentage of 75%

The exam will consist of an oral exam. The student must demonstrate to recognize and describe the structure of the main molecules of biological interest. The description of the main metabolic pathways is also required.

The teacher delivers lectures with traditional methods with audiovisual aids and scheduling of lessons as reported on GOMP Aule/Orari system, published on the website of the Medical School. Study material will be available on the elearning Sapienza platform.