Science and Technology for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage

Educational objectives

Knowledge acquired:
Basis of atomic physics, molecular solids. Knowledge of the working principles and the results obtained with spectroscopic techniques.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the fundamentals of quantum mechanics applied to atomic, molecular, and solid systems.
OF 2) To understand the phenomena of interaction between radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays) and matter.
OF 3) To become familiar with spectroscopic techniques used to study material properties.
OF 4) To analyze the electronic and optical properties of materials using theoretical models.
OF 5) To interpret spectroscopy experiments on atomic and molecular systems.

B - Application skills
OF 7) To deduce physical properties of materials using theoretical models from condensed matter physics.
OF 8) To apply experimental techniques for characterizing innovative materials, including interdisciplinary contexts such as diagnostics for tangible cultural heritage.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To critically evaluate experimental results by comparing them with theoretical predictions.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To communicate scientific results effectively using appropriate technical language.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) To develop the ability to consult advanced texts and scientific articles for deepening specific topics in the field of condensed matter physics.

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the bases of the spectroscopy
OF 2) Knowing the IR, UV-VIS, Raman spectroscopic techniques
OF 3) Knowing the Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS/WDS) techniques
OF 4) Knowing the nature and the chemical properties of the ancient Cu, Ag and Fe base alloys
OF 5) Knowing the main ancient methodologies of smelting process
OF 6) Knowing the metals chemical-physical degradation process
B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to identify the structure of the ancient metal alloys
OF 8) Knowing the degradation process through the micro-chemical and microstructural nature of the ancient patina
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 9) Being able to suggest the most suitable instrumental investigation techniques according to the type of material and its state of conservation
OF 10) Being able to evaluate the nature of the degradation processes of the ancient metallic artefacts
OF 11) To be able to identify the process and the technological level of the ancient metallurgist
D - Communication skills
OF 12) Knowing how to communicate to the technicians during an archaeological dig
E - Ability to learn
OF 13) Have the ability to evaluate spectroscopic data and microchemical data
OF 14) Having the ability to consult the scientific literature

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the bases of the spectroscopy
OF 2) Knowing the IR, UV-VIS, Raman spectroscopic techniques
OF 3) Knowing the Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS/WDS) techniques
OF 4) Knowing the nature and the chemical properties of the ancient Cu, Ag and Fe base alloys
OF 5) Knowing the main ancient methodologies of smelting process
OF 6) Knowing the metals chemical-physical degradation process
B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to identify the structure of the ancient metal alloys
OF 8) Knowing the degradation process through the micro-chemical and microstructural nature of the ancient patina
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 9) Being able to suggest the most suitable instrumental investigation techniques according to the type of material and its state of conservation
OF 10) Being able to evaluate the nature of the degradation processes of the ancient metallic artefacts
OF 11) To be able to identify the process and the technological level of the ancient metallurgist
D - Communication skills
OF 12) Knowing how to communicate to the technicians during an archaeological dig
E - Ability to learn
OF 13) Have the ability to evaluate spectroscopic data and microchemical data
OF 14) Having the ability to consult the scientific literature

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the bases of the spectroscopy
OF 2) Knowing the IR, UV-VIS, Raman spectroscopic techniques
OF 3) Knowing the Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS/WDS) techniques
OF 4) Knowing the nature and the chemical properties of the ancient Cu, Ag and Fe base alloys
OF 5) Knowing the main ancient methodologies of smelting process
OF 6) Knowing the metals chemical-physical degradation process
B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to identify the structure of the ancient metal alloys
OF 8) Knowing the degradation process through the micro-chemical and microstructural nature of the ancient patina
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 9) Being able to suggest the most suitable instrumental investigation techniques according to the type of material and its state of conservation
OF 10) Being able to evaluate the nature of the degradation processes of the ancient metallic artefacts
OF 11) To be able to identify the process and the technological level of the ancient metallurgist
D - Communication skills
OF 12) Knowing how to communicate to the technicians during an archaeological dig
E - Ability to learn
OF 13) Have the ability to evaluate spectroscopic data and microchemical data
OF 14) Having the ability to consult the scientific literature

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the main inorganic- and organic gemstones and metallic materials used in the field of Cultural Heritage
OF 2) To understand the genetic processes of gems and their alteration processes
OF 3) To understand the production process of metallic materials and their corrosion processes

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce chemistry, microstructure of materials.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems of materials for conservation
OF 9) To be able to apply methods/techniques for the study of gems and alloys

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 8) Being able to evaluate the nature of the alteration and corrosion processes of such materials
OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to evaluate the nature of materials and alteration and corrosion processes

D - Communication skills
OF 13) Having the ability to consult scientific literature

E - Ability to learn
OF 14) Having the ability to consult national and international databases
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate…
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a project

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the main constituent materials of artworks
OF 2) Understanding the fundamentals of electrochemistry
OF 3) Understanding phenomena of electrochemical corrosion
OF 4) Understanding processes of electrodeposition
OF 5) Knowing the main electrochemical methods
OF 6) Knowing the fundamentals of laser spectroscopy applied to materials’ investigation

B - Application skills
OF 7) Developing analysis protocols to study the materials’ properties
OF 8) Predicting corrosion sensibility of materials based on their chemical properties
OF 9) Implementing actions to prevent electrochemical corrosion

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) Being able to select the most suitable investigation methods based on materials nature and conservation state
OF 11) Being able to evaluate the conservation state of metallic materials through electrochemical methods

D - Communication skills
OF 12) Knowing how to communicate the reason and effects of materials corrosion processes
OF 13) Knowing how to communicate the materials properties and main investigation methods

E - Ability to learn
OF 14) Having the ability to consult literature on materials and investigation methods
OF 15) Having the ability to evaluate technical data sheets and information on novel materials

Educational objectives

1) GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The goal of this course is to develop an understanding of the key concepts and physical mechanisms responsible for the microclimatic conditions in the indoor environment, and to analyze the thermo-hygrometric data in order to highlight critical climate-induced conditions.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with thermodynamic concepts for atmospheres with and without water vapor.
OF 3) To understand physical processes involving the interaction between material and environment.

B - Application skills
OF 4) To use thermodynamic diagrams for evaluation of the air stability and formation of vertical motions
OF 5) To use the psychrometric diagram for the derivation of the thermohygrometric variables and evaluate the critical conditions of the environment.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 6) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data
OF 7) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.

D - Communication skills
OF 8) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.

2) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with moisture variables.
OF 3) To become familiar with the concepts of exploratory statistics for analyzing time series of microclimatic data.
OF 4) To be familiar with current European Standards concerning microclimate for cultural heritage.
B - Application skills
OF 5) To apply exploratory statistical analysis for the characterization of the microclimate
OF 6) To plan and carry out microclimate measurement campaigns.
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 7) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data.
OF 8) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.
D - Communication skills
OF 9) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 10) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.
OF 11) To have the ability to use the software to generate spatial maps of thermohygrometric data collected during the field microclimate campaign.

Educational objectives

1) GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The goal of this course is to develop an understanding of the key concepts and physical mechanisms responsible for the microclimatic conditions in the indoor environment, and to analyze the thermo-hygrometric data in order to highlight critical climate-induced conditions.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with thermodynamic concepts for atmospheres with and without water vapor.
OF 3) To understand physical processes involving the interaction between material and environment.

B - Application skills
OF 4) To use thermodynamic diagrams for evaluation of the air stability and formation of vertical motions
OF 5) To use the psychrometric diagram for the derivation of the thermohygrometric variables and evaluate the critical conditions of the environment.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 6) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data
OF 7) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.

D - Communication skills
OF 8) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.

2) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with moisture variables.
OF 3) To become familiar with the concepts of exploratory statistics for analyzing time series of microclimatic data.
OF 4) To be familiar with current European Standards concerning microclimate for cultural heritage.
B - Application skills
OF 5) To apply exploratory statistical analysis for the characterization of the microclimate
OF 6) To plan and carry out microclimate measurement campaigns.
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 7) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data.
OF 8) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.
D - Communication skills
OF 9) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 10) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.
OF 11) To have the ability to use the software to generate spatial maps of thermohygrometric data collected during the field microclimate campaign.

Educational objectives

1) GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The goal of this course is to develop an understanding of the key concepts and physical mechanisms responsible for the microclimatic conditions in the indoor environment, and to analyze the thermo-hygrometric data in order to highlight critical climate-induced conditions.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with thermodynamic concepts for atmospheres with and without water vapor.
OF 3) To understand physical processes involving the interaction between material and environment.

B - Application skills
OF 4) To use thermodynamic diagrams for evaluation of the air stability and formation of vertical motions
OF 5) To use the psychrometric diagram for the derivation of the thermohygrometric variables and evaluate the critical conditions of the environment.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 6) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data
OF 7) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.

D - Communication skills
OF 8) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.

2) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the physical processes that regulate the microclimate.
OF 2) To become familiar with moisture variables.
OF 3) To become familiar with the concepts of exploratory statistics for analyzing time series of microclimatic data.
OF 4) To be familiar with current European Standards concerning microclimate for cultural heritage.
B - Application skills
OF 5) To apply exploratory statistical analysis for the characterization of the microclimate
OF 6) To plan and carry out microclimate measurement campaigns.
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 7) To be able to critically analyze microclimate data.
OF 8) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to apply them in the context of climate-induced risks assessment.
D - Communication skills
OF 9) To draw up a scientific technical-scientific report on data collected during the field microclimate campaign
E - Ability to learn
OF 10) To read scientific papers in order to autonomously further improve some of the topics introduced during the course.
OF 11) To have the ability to use the software to generate spatial maps of thermohygrometric data collected during the field microclimate campaign.

Educational objectives

General Objective
The student will acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of
bioarchaeology, with a particular focus on human skeletal anatomy. The course will cover
methods for constructing the biological profile, emphasising techniques for determining sex
and estimating age at death in adult individuals. Foundational knowledge will also be provided
to recognise major palaeopathological conditions. The skills acquired will enable students to
critically understand bioarchaeological interpretative processes concerning the archaeological
context.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To acquire knowledge of human skeletal anatomy in its main components.
OF 2) To recognise the primary morphological differences between male and female individuals.
OF 3) To develop an in-depth understanding of the skeletal anatomy of adult individuals.
OF 4) To become familiar with the fundamental aspects of palaeopathology and its main diagnostic categories.
OF 5) To gain the ability to contextualise the analysis of skeletal remains within the broader bioarchaeological framework, integrating environmental, cultural, and funerary data.
OF 6) To critically analyse and interpret the results of bioarchaeological investigations, applying the knowledge and skills acquired in osteobiographical research.

B - Application skills
OF 7) To critically assess the appropriateness of destructive sampling for isotopic and genetic analyses related to diet and mobility.
OF 8) To develop practical strategies for the analysis and interpretation of skeletal remains in poor or compromised states of preservation.
OF 9) To apply the main anthropological methods for the determination of biological sex and the estimation of age at death consciously and critically.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To critically evaluate scientific literature in order to apply established methodologies and integrate them with the most recent research developments.
OF 11) To integrate acquired knowledge in order to address and understand the ethical issues inherent in the study of human skeletal remains
OF 12) To develop independent critical thinking in the interpretation of skeletal data, integrating biological, archaeological, and cultural evidence in the evaluation of reconstructive hypotheses.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) – To acquire the ability to present and discuss the results of osteobiographical analyses carried out in group settings, using scientific language appropriate to the disciplinary context.
OF 14) To be able to identify and articulate the methodological and epistemological limitations of research, proposing improvements or alternative avenues for further investigation.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) To acquire the skills needed to navigate specialist bibliographic sources critically, including skeletal anatomy manuals and the leading scientific journals in the field.
OF 16) To develop awareness and critical sensitivity regarding the ethical implications of studying skeletal remains of individuals who once had a life and identity.
OF 17) To acquire the ability to design and structure an osteobiographical investigation, from defining research objectives to selecting the most appropriate analytical methods.

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Students will acquire a solid understanding of the applications of geochemistry in the study of materials, particularly geological raw materials. Furthermore, they will be able to understand the analytical methodologies used for geochemical analysis, with a specific focus on the production of ceramics, binders, mortars, and metals.
OF 2) Students will learn how isotopic geochemistry can be applied to geochronology and the study of the provenance of artifacts of archaeological and historical-artistic relevance.
OF 3) Those who pass the exam will be equipped with the necessary skills to use geochemical analytical techniques aimed at the analysis of artifacts of historical, artistic, and archaeological interest
OF 4)
OF 5) Students will acquire communication skills by learning to use rigorous and appropriate technical-scientific terminology specific to the various fields of application of geochemistry.
OF 6) Students will develop the ability to set up studies and research based on geochemical methods, applied to artifacts of historical, artistic, and archaeological interest, with the aim of conserving and restoring materials using the most appropriate techniques.

B - Application skills
OF 7) Students will be able to derive from reading the scientific literature the applications of geochemistry in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage that are most suitable for addressing issues related to the course topics.
OF 8) Students will be able to solve issues related to the applications of geochemistry in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.
OF 9) Students will be able to design a research project or a technical-scientific report that explores the applications of geochemistry in the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) Students will be able to critically analyze the results obtained from the applied geochemical techniques, evaluating the effectiveness of the methodologies used.
OF 11)
OF 12) Students will be encouraged to develop an independent approach to learning, further exploring the applications of geochemistry, and will be able to assess the impact of geochemical techniques on the conservation of cultural heritage, also considering ethical and sustainable aspects

D - Communication skills
OF 13) Students will be encouraged to think and communicate innovatively, proposing new methodologies or approaches in the application of geochemistry to restoration.
OF 14) During the course, students will have the opportunity to collaborate in groups to develop research projects, fostering teamwork and knowledge sharing.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Students will be able to critically consult the scientific literature and the applied geochemical techniques, keeping themselves updated and evaluating the effectiveness of the methodologies used.
OF 16) Students will be able to critically evaluate the scientific literature and applied geochemical techniques, assessing the effectiveness of the methodologies used.
OF 17) Students will be encouraged to write contents and research projects related to the course topics, based on the peculiarities and effectiveness of the methodologies used.

Educational objectives

The aim of this course is to provide students with theoretical and practical tools for the analysis and interpretation of paleoenvironmental data and plant remains in archaeological contexts, through the use of archaeobotanical, dendrochronological and isotopic methods, in order to reconstruct landscapes, environment and human practices of the past.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the fundamentals of dendrochronology and its applications in Cultural Heritage
OF 2) To understand the main archaeobotanical and paleoenvironmental methodologies
OF 3) To know the principles of isotopic analysis in paleoenvironmental studies
OF 4) To understand anthropogenic and climatic drivers of ancient environmental change
OF 5) To acquire knowledge of suitable materials and contexts for archaeobotanical analysis
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the most appropriate analytical approach for a given context
OF 8) OF 8) To be able to solve issues related to sampling and conservation of plant remains
OF 9) To be able to apply laboratory and fieldwork techniques independently
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically evaluate the suitability of materials for analysis
OF 11) To be able to integrate acquired knowledge to reconstruct past landscapes
OF 12) To formulate interpretative hypotheses based on data

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to clearly communicate archaeobotanical results
OF 14) To use proper scientific language in the fields of environmental and archaeological sciences

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult bibliographic and scientific sources
OF 16) Have the ability to critically evaluate paleoenvironmental data
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop an interdisciplinary archaeobotanical research project

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide theoretical skills useful for knowledge of architectural and/or archaeological restoration. Upon completion, the student learns the evolution of the concept of monument, has a historicized knowledge of restoration theories and the guiding criteria that have conditioned the conservation activity of monuments over time. In particular, the student is able to: analyze, recognize and historicize previous interventions on the building under study; define historical-methodological problems related to different disciplinary directions and/or trends.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the theoretical references necessary for understanding a historical architectural asset and preparatory to establishing operational criteria for conservation and restoration.
OF 2) To understand the history of restoration and the different theories that have directed the work of restorers in different periods.
OF 3) Understanding, evaluating, and analyzing an architecture in the connections between historical layers and material traces as a preliminary basis for a diagnostic project.
OF 4) To contribute to the development of the special critical-design awareness and capacity that all those who contribute to the study of the conservation issues of an architecture must possess.
OF 5)
OF 6)
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to learn and understand the concepts of the restoration discipline in order to make them part of one's cultural background.
OF 8) To be able to conduct a proper analysis of built architecture, its language and constituent materials.
OF 9) To be able to apply theoretical knowledge acquired during teaching to concrete situations and to work in multidisciplinary teams for the preliminary design of conservation and restoration interventions.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess the state of preservation of a historic building and the restoration work undergone over time.
OF 11) To be able to integrate acquired knowledge in order to be able to scientifically synthesize and interpret collected data inherent in the study and restoration of an architecture, in its constituent materials.
OF 12) Evaluate and interpret independently the theoretical knowledge acquired during teaching, critically observe the interventions carried out on architectural and cultural heritage, adequately evaluate the sources of the information gathered, and formulate ideas and solutions to specific problems, adapting to various fields of work and issues.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate with appropriate terminology their thoughts; have communication and interpersonal skills in dealing with other actors or professionals involved in the project activity of protection and conservation of architectural and cultural heritage.
OF 14) …

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to understand the different philosophies of intervention and return a critical and direct reading of the works under study.
OF 16) Strengthen his learning skills and specific multidisciplinary knowledge that will enable him to undertake future studies independently.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a diagnostic project in the architectural field, aware of the mutual connections existing in their diachronic development, between architectural text and context.

Educational objectives

(1)The objective of this course is to develop the ability to interact between archaeometrists and archaeologists, provide a common language, and share with students of technologies for the conservation of cultural heritage the central goals of archaeological research.

A - Knowledge and understanding
LO 1) Understand the nature and objectives of archaeological research
LO 2) Understand the systems of relative dating for artifacts
LO 3) Understand the interpretative methodologies used in the study of ancient societies
LO 4) Understand the rules of archaeological stratigraphy
LO 5) Recognize the characteristics of the contexts in which archaeological materials are found

B - Application skills
LO 6) Be able to develop original ideas for interpreting data aimed at understanding the economic, social, and political organization of the studied societies
LO 7) Be able to reconstruct archaeological contexts
LO 8) Be able to assess the reliability of contexts and the materials found within them
LO 9) Be able to formulate the right research questions
C - Autonomy of judgment
LO 10) Be able to evaluate a stratigraphic-archaeological matrix
LO 11) Be able to assess the accuracy of an artifact’s attribution to its archaeological context

D - Communication skills
LO 12) Demonstrate the ability to interact with archaeologists and archaeometrists
LO 13) Be able to contextualize archaeological artifacts and explain their historical significance

E - Ability to learn
LO 14) Be able to consult archaeological literature for the historical interpretation of archaeometric analysis results
LO 15) Be able to plan an interdisciplinary activity aimed at interpreting archaeological samples analyzed in the laboratory

2)
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the main methodologies of stratigraphic excavation.
OF 2) To understand site formation processes.
OF 3) To know dating and documentation systems.
OF 4) To understand the role of applied sciences in archaeology.
OF 5) To know typological and technological approaches.
OF 6) To understand ethical and conservation-related issues.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce information from stratigraphic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve methodological and interpretive problems.
OF 9) To be able to apply survey and classification techniques.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess archaeological data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for cultural reconstructions.
OF 12) To recognize the strengths and limits of different methodologies.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeological results both orally and in writing.
OF 14) To be able to present data using visual and digital tools.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult bibliographic and archaeological sources.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate innovative methodologies.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a research project.

Educational objectives

(1)The objective of this course is to develop the ability to interact between archaeometrists and archaeologists, provide a common language, and share with students of technologies for the conservation of cultural heritage the central goals of archaeological research.

A - Knowledge and understanding
LO 1) Understand the nature and objectives of archaeological research
LO 2) Understand the systems of relative dating for artifacts
LO 3) Understand the interpretative methodologies used in the study of ancient societies
LO 4) Understand the rules of archaeological stratigraphy
LO 5) Recognize the characteristics of the contexts in which archaeological materials are found

B - Application skills
LO 6) Be able to develop original ideas for interpreting data aimed at understanding the economic, social, and political organization of the studied societies
LO 7) Be able to reconstruct archaeological contexts
LO 8) Be able to assess the reliability of contexts and the materials found within them
LO 9) Be able to formulate the right research questions
C - Autonomy of judgment
LO 10) Be able to evaluate a stratigraphic-archaeological matrix
LO 11) Be able to assess the accuracy of an artifact’s attribution to its archaeological context

D - Communication skills
LO 12) Demonstrate the ability to interact with archaeologists and archaeometrists
LO 13) Be able to contextualize archaeological artifacts and explain their historical significance

E - Ability to learn
LO 14) Be able to consult archaeological literature for the historical interpretation of archaeometric analysis results
LO 15) Be able to plan an interdisciplinary activity aimed at interpreting archaeological samples analyzed in the laboratory

2)
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the main methodologies of stratigraphic excavation.
OF 2) To understand site formation processes.
OF 3) To know dating and documentation systems.
OF 4) To understand the role of applied sciences in archaeology.
OF 5) To know typological and technological approaches.
OF 6) To understand ethical and conservation-related issues.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce information from stratigraphic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve methodological and interpretive problems.
OF 9) To be able to apply survey and classification techniques.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess archaeological data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for cultural reconstructions.
OF 12) To recognize the strengths and limits of different methodologies.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeological results both orally and in writing.
OF 14) To be able to present data using visual and digital tools.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult bibliographic and archaeological sources.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate innovative methodologies.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a research project.

Educational objectives

(1)The objective of this course is to develop the ability to interact between archaeometrists and archaeologists, provide a common language, and share with students of technologies for the conservation of cultural heritage the central goals of archaeological research.

A - Knowledge and understanding
LO 1) Understand the nature and objectives of archaeological research
LO 2) Understand the systems of relative dating for artifacts
LO 3) Understand the interpretative methodologies used in the study of ancient societies
LO 4) Understand the rules of archaeological stratigraphy
LO 5) Recognize the characteristics of the contexts in which archaeological materials are found

B - Application skills
LO 6) Be able to develop original ideas for interpreting data aimed at understanding the economic, social, and political organization of the studied societies
LO 7) Be able to reconstruct archaeological contexts
LO 8) Be able to assess the reliability of contexts and the materials found within them
LO 9) Be able to formulate the right research questions
C - Autonomy of judgment
LO 10) Be able to evaluate a stratigraphic-archaeological matrix
LO 11) Be able to assess the accuracy of an artifact’s attribution to its archaeological context

D - Communication skills
LO 12) Demonstrate the ability to interact with archaeologists and archaeometrists
LO 13) Be able to contextualize archaeological artifacts and explain their historical significance

E - Ability to learn
LO 14) Be able to consult archaeological literature for the historical interpretation of archaeometric analysis results
LO 15) Be able to plan an interdisciplinary activity aimed at interpreting archaeological samples analyzed in the laboratory

2)
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the main methodologies of stratigraphic excavation.
OF 2) To understand site formation processes.
OF 3) To know dating and documentation systems.
OF 4) To understand the role of applied sciences in archaeology.
OF 5) To know typological and technological approaches.
OF 6) To understand ethical and conservation-related issues.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce information from stratigraphic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve methodological and interpretive problems.
OF 9) To be able to apply survey and classification techniques.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess archaeological data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for cultural reconstructions.
OF 12) To recognize the strengths and limits of different methodologies.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeological results both orally and in writing.
OF 14) To be able to present data using visual and digital tools.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult bibliographic and archaeological sources.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate innovative methodologies.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a research project.

Educational objectives

The course aims to present the historical and archaeological context related to the formation and development of the main cities of southern Etruria between proto-history and Romanization.

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the main degradation mechanisms of non-metallic materials, knowledge of the correct scientific approach for the conservation of non-metallic materials, traditional and innovative conservation systems. Knowledge of historical architectural systems for the definition of the right scientific approach for the conservation of monuments and archaeological materials

The aim of the course is to improve the knowledge about the innovative materials (nanomaterials and smart materials) for the conservation of monuments and archeological sites

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Know the chemical structures, applications, and behavior over time of both traditional and innovative protective and consolidating agents
OF 2) Understand the application of protective and consolidating agents on different materials and on different degradation conditions, taking into account the various architectural structures in which cultural heritage materials are used
OF 3)
OF 4)
OF 5)
OF 6)
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) Know how to deduce the causes of degradation in specific architectural structures
OF 8) Solve problems of conservative intervention considering the nature, degradation and use of cultural heritage materials
OF 9) Be able to define methods of application of protective and consolidating treatments in relation to the nature of the degraded materials and the nature of the degradation
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) Be able to recognize the materials of cultural heritage and their degradation
OF 11) Integrate the knowledge acquired in order to be able to deal with a request for conservation intervention
OF 12) …

D - Communication skills
OF 13) Know how to communicate with architects, engineers and conservation personnel
OF 14) …

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult a technical and safety data sheet
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the need and methods of a protective and consolidating intervention
OF 17) Be able to design and develop a conservation project using traditional and innovative protective and consolidating treatments

Educational objectives

The objective of the course is to enable students to learn the basics of the interactions between the works of art and the environment that surrounds them, which includes electromagnetic radiation (light, infrared, UV) and thermohygrometric environment. Moreover, at the end of the course the student knows the techniques for the restoration of stoneworks and design of air conditioning systems.

Educational objectives

1) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the functions, roles, tasks and responsibilities in museums
OF 2) To understand the current trends in museology at an international level

B - Application skills
OF 3) To be able apply the fundamental principles of museum documentation and collection management
OF 4) To be able to set up a cataloging strategy for a museum

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To be able to evaluate current research trends in the museum field
OF 6) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in the course in order to propose a scientific museum project

D - Communication skills
OF 7) To know how to communicate museum issues through workshops/podcasts/informative articles
OF 8) To use the fundamental principles of designing museum exhibitions

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To have the ability to consult the main bibliographic databases
OF 10) To be able to design and develop a museum exhibition project

2) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know and understand how multimedia communication works
OF 2) To know approaches and methodologies to implement multimedia for the museum
…
B - Application skills
OF 3) To select content and digital tools appropriate for the context
OF 4) To design and develop museum itineraries
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To integrate the knowledge acquired in order to propose a scientific museum project
OF 6) To be able of critically analysing the ways in which cultural assets are valorised by institutions

D - Communication skills
OF 7)To know how to communicate museum themes through the use of digital multimedia tools (e.g. podcasts/animated narrations)
OF 8) To apply the fundamental principles of multimedia communication in designing content for different types of museum interlocutors

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To be able to interpret and implement projects based on ministerial guidelines and indications
OF 10) To be able to select, critically analyze and acquire new concepts and contents, and apply them into the field of museology

Educational objectives

1) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the functions, roles, tasks and responsibilities in museums
OF 2) To understand the current trends in museology at an international level

B - Application skills
OF 3) To be able apply the fundamental principles of museum documentation and collection management
OF 4) To be able to set up a cataloging strategy for a museum

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To be able to evaluate current research trends in the museum field
OF 6) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in the course in order to propose a scientific museum project

D - Communication skills
OF 7) To know how to communicate museum issues through workshops/podcasts/informative articles
OF 8) To use the fundamental principles of designing museum exhibitions

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To have the ability to consult the main bibliographic databases
OF 10) To be able to design and develop a museum exhibition project

2) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know and understand how multimedia communication works
OF 2) To know approaches and methodologies to implement multimedia for the museum
…
B - Application skills
OF 3) To select content and digital tools appropriate for the context
OF 4) To design and develop museum itineraries
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To integrate the knowledge acquired in order to propose a scientific museum project
OF 6) To be able of critically analysing the ways in which cultural assets are valorised by institutions

D - Communication skills
OF 7)To know how to communicate museum themes through the use of digital multimedia tools (e.g. podcasts/animated narrations)
OF 8) To apply the fundamental principles of multimedia communication in designing content for different types of museum interlocutors

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To be able to interpret and implement projects based on ministerial guidelines and indications
OF 10) To be able to select, critically analyze and acquire new concepts and contents, and apply them into the field of museology

Educational objectives

1) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the functions, roles, tasks and responsibilities in museums
OF 2) To understand the current trends in museology at an international level

B - Application skills
OF 3) To be able apply the fundamental principles of museum documentation and collection management
OF 4) To be able to set up a cataloging strategy for a museum

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To be able to evaluate current research trends in the museum field
OF 6) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in the course in order to propose a scientific museum project

D - Communication skills
OF 7) To know how to communicate museum issues through workshops/podcasts/informative articles
OF 8) To use the fundamental principles of designing museum exhibitions

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To have the ability to consult the main bibliographic databases
OF 10) To be able to design and develop a museum exhibition project

2) The general objective of this course is for the student to acquire knowledge and skills useful for designing in a museum context, analyzing trends at a national and international level. The student's critical and creative thinking skills will be enhanced by exposure to the processes of cataloging, digitalization, and multimedia communication. The student will subsequently be capable of enhancing the cultural heritage and successfully implementing these elements into the museum

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know and understand how multimedia communication works
OF 2) To know approaches and methodologies to implement multimedia for the museum
…
B - Application skills
OF 3) To select content and digital tools appropriate for the context
OF 4) To design and develop museum itineraries
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 5) To integrate the knowledge acquired in order to propose a scientific museum project
OF 6) To be able of critically analysing the ways in which cultural assets are valorised by institutions

D - Communication skills
OF 7)To know how to communicate museum themes through the use of digital multimedia tools (e.g. podcasts/animated narrations)
OF 8) To apply the fundamental principles of multimedia communication in designing content for different types of museum interlocutors

E - Ability to learn
OF 9) To be able to interpret and implement projects based on ministerial guidelines and indications
OF 10) To be able to select, critically analyze and acquire new concepts and contents, and apply them into the field of museology

Educational objectives

General aim: The aim of this course is to communicate to restoration workers the nature of the degradation processes of metals and mineral pigments.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the main forms of degradation of metals and their alloys
OF 2) Knowing the main characteristics of the minerals used as pigments
OF 3) Knowing the nature of the main forms of pigment degradation

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the main processes of metal degradation from the nature of the products
OF 8) To be able to recognize the main opaque minerals in reflected light

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate the nature of metal degradation products
OF 11) To be able to propose the most suitable analytical methods according to the type of degradation
OF 12) …

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate to restoration personnel the nature of degradation processes
OF 14) To know how to communicate the characteristics of the applied procedures to the restoration personnel

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult the scientific literature on metal and mineral pigments degradation processes
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the degree of alteration of metals in reflected light

Educational objectives

1) CHEMICAL STUDIES AND METHODS FOR METALS AND ALLOYS
The course provides students with knowledge of archaeometallurgical techniques, smelting principles, phase diagrams of metal alloys, and thermal analyses (TGA, DSC). It covers crystalline structure analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the interpretation of XRD patterns. Students will develop skills to evaluate phase compositions, differentiate between glass and crystals, and solve problems related to TGA, DSC, and XRD. They will also gain autonomy in applying these techniques, communicate in English, and improve their learning and reflection abilities.

The course enhances students’ understanding of materials science within the context of cultural heritage conservation, with a particular focus on metals, alloys, and ceramics. It equips students with the skills to develop protocols for the characterization of inorganic materials using phase diagrams, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Students will study atomic arrangements in inorganic materials, influenced by metal types, alloy compositions, and metallurgical processes. Thermal analysis techniques will be presented as essential tools for assessing the behavior and stability of materials under heat treatment. XRD will be introduced as a key method for investigating crystalline structure. By integrating these analytical techniques with theoretical knowledge, students will be able to design effective and targeted characterization protocols.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) archaeometallurgical techniques and the principle of smelting
OF 2) phase diagrams of various metal alloys
OF 3) thermal analyses of materials: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
OF 4) crystalline structures with different atomic packing arrangements
OF 5) X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques
OF 6) interpretation of XRD patterns and determination of crystalline structures
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) evaluate phase types, phase numbers, their composition ratios, and the composition within a single phase using phase diagram
OF 8) explain the differences between glass and crystals
OF 9) solve problems of TGA, DSC, and XRD analyses
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) comprehend patterns obtained from TGA, DSC, and XRD analyses
OF 11) define phase structures using these techniques in combination with a phase diagram
OF 12) construct evaluation procedures for inorganic materials

D - Communication skills
OF 13) working command of English
OF 14) draw simple charts and write sentences

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) evaluating and analyzing your own understanding
OF 16) asking questions if something unclear
OF 17) developing own study program independently
OF 18) having basic computer skills

2) CHEMICAL STUDIES AND METHODS FOR POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES
Students understand atomic structure, chemical bonding, material classes, and spectroscopic techniques (IR, Raman, UV, NMR). They can relate material properties to chemical bonding, assess polymers, and solve spectroscopy problems. They interpret spectra and evaluate materials independently. They communicate in English, create basic charts, reflect on their understanding, ask questions, plan their learning, and use essential computer skills.

The course trains students by integrating materials science with cultural heritage conservation. Its goal is to develop the ability to construct protocols for the conservation and characterization of materials using spectroscopic techniques such as IR, Raman, UV, and NMR.
It begins with an understanding of materials at the atomic level. By studying the properties of atoms, students must understand the difference among chemical bonds and their differences with physical bonds. They will then apply this knowledge, along with analytical techniques, to develop effective protocols for material characterization.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) the periodic table and properties of atoms according to the groups
OF 2) chemical and physical bonds, and their role in the formation of materials
OF 3) different classes of materials having different chemical bonds
OF 4) the uniqueness of covalent bonds and variety of polymers
OF 5) principle of spectroscopic techniques and their proper selection (IR, Raman, UV, and NMR)
OF 6) the important parameters for the above analyses and interpretation of results
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) explain the properties of materials based on chemical bonds and constituents
OF 8) describe advantages and disadvantages of polymeric materials
OF 9) solve problems of IR, Rama, UV, and NMR spectroscopies
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) comprehend spectra of IR, Rama, UV, and NMR
OF 11) define chemical structure using these spectra
OF 12) construct evaluation procedures for organic materials

D - Communication skills
OF 13) working command of English
OF 14) draw simple charts and write sentences

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) evaluating and analyzing your own understanding
OF 16) asking questions if something unclear
OF 17) developing own study program independently
OF 18) having basic computer skills

Educational objectives

The aim of this course is to provide the theoretical principles of organic chemistry and the basic practical skills to relate these principles to the study of organic materials of interest in the artistic and historical-archaeological contexts, in order to be able to develop diagnostic and archaeometric protocols useful for their characterization and identification.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To Know the classes of organic binders and dyes based on their molecular characteristics and use

B - Application skills
OF 2) To be able to interpret analytical data for organic compounds in a basic way
OF 3) To be able to relate the fundamentals of organic chemistry reactions to the study of organic materials in art

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 4) To evaluate diagnostic techniques useful for recognizing chemical species based on their molecular characteristics
OF 5) To classify the formation of a paint film through reaction mechanisms and chemical-physical processes

D - Communication skills
OF 6) To be able to explain the phenomenon of color from a chemical-physical point of view
OF 7) To be able to explain the different processes of formation of the pictorial film and the dyeing mechanisms

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) To be able to devise an analytical protocol for organic materials in art

Educational objectives

Properties of electromagnetic waves and light sources (from light bulbs to lasers) Geometric optics and realization of an optical system for multispectral imaging. Types of detectors and their properties. Fundamentals of the structure of matter with particular attention to optical response. Description of common spectroscopy techniques and possible realization of a specific spectroscopy system.

The objective of this course is to learn optical techniques for the diagnostics of cultural heritage: from multispectral imaging to spectroscopy with the related data analysis and validation, without neglecting the important aspect related to the "design" of the measurement system.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know: the fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves and the characteristics of different light sources, including lasers.
OF 2) To understand: the principles of geometric optics and the functioning of an optical system for multispectral image acquisition.
OF 3) To know: the different types of detectors used in optics and their specific properties.
OF 4) To understand: the basics of the structure of matter, with a focus on its interaction with light and optical response.
OF 5) To know: the main spectroscopy techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 6) To know: the fundamentals data analysis
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce: qualitative and quantitative information on the composition and state of conservation of an artifact through the analysis of multispectral images and spectroscopic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems: related to the design of simple optical systems for imaging and spectroscopy.
OF 9) To be able to apply methods/techniques: for the acquisition and processing of multispectral images for material identification and degradation mapping.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate: critically the reliability and significance of data obtained with optical and radiometric techniques.
OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to: select the most appropriate physical methodologies to answer specific diagnostic questions in the field of cultural heritage.
OF 12) To be able to: interpret the results of advanced physical analyses in the context of the history, materials, and artistic techniques of a cultural asset.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate: clearly and precisely the physical principles behind the diagnostic techniques used and the results obtained, even to non-expert audiences.
OF 14) To know how to present: diagnostic investigation projects that integrate different physical methodologies, justifying the technical choices and expected outcomes.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult: specialized scientific literature to deepen specific aspects of analytical techniques and to stay updated on new methodologies.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate: critically the effectiveness and limitations of new physical techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a project: of research or practical application that uses advanced physical methods for the analysis and conservation of cultural heritage.

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is to deepen the knowledge acquired during the Bachelor's degree regarding the nature, alteration, and degradation processes of materials of interest in the field of cultural heritage (white marble, ceramics, glass, and mortars), as well as to provide an understanding of the various analytical methodologies employed in their study, with particular emphasis on recent and innovative applications.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the composition of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and white marble).
OF 2) Knowing the production processes and the degradation phenomena of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage
OF 3) Knowing the analytical methods usually used in the characterization of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage
OF 4) Knowing some advanced analytical methods used recently in the characterization of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage
OF 5) Understanding the problems connected to the mortar dating and the recent projects focused on this topic
OF 6) Understanding the problems connected to the white marble provenance and the recent projects focused on this topic

B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to identify the archaeological issues and interpretative challenges related to the main geomaterials used in cultural heritage, including ceramics, glass, mortars, and white marble.
OF 8) Being able to identify and assess the conservation issues affecting the main geomaterials used in cultural heritage.

C – Autonomy of judgment
OF 9) Being able to deduce a possible method useful to solve the problems still present in the analysis of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and white marble)

D - Communication skills
OF 10) Knowing how to communicate scientific information to people not included in the academic world

E - Ability to learn
OF 11) Having the ability to consult scientific literature on geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and white marble)

Educational objectives

General objective
The objective of this course is to acquire an advanced theoretical-practical preparation aimed at understanding, analysing and managing the risks of degradation induced by climatic factors on indoor and outdoor materials, through the use of scientific methodologies, analytical tools and international regulatory references.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To define and describe the fundamental climate variables in the field of the conservation of materials in indoor and outdoor environments
OF 2) To acquire knowledge on climate-induced degradation risks in indoor and outdoor environments
OF 3) To acquire knowledge on international regulations concerning climate-induced risks
B - Application skills
OF 4) To be able to apply methodological and instrumental procedures
OF 5) To be able to apply simplified functions
OF 6) To be able to apply international regulations on climate-induced risks
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 7) To be able to interpret experimental and modelled data
OF 8) To be able to apply a scientific approach to conservation of built enviroment
OF 9) To be able to identify climate-induced degradation risks in indoor and outdoor environments
OF 10) To transfer scientific outcomes to the application of international regulations
D - Communication skills
OF 10) To know how to communicate scientific results
OF 11) To communicate the outputs of the analysis/study in clear way to the stakeholders keeping the scientific credibility
E - Ability to learn
OF 12) Have the ability to consult scientific literature to improve some of the topics covered during the course

Educational objectives

The course aims to provide students with the conceptual and methodologicaltools for the application of biological analyses to Cultural Heritage.By the end of this course students will have the knowledge to identify biological materials of which an artwork is made as well as biological agents deterioranting artworks and strategies to control them for Cultural Heritage conservation.

Second module:
Students will be able to reconstruct past cultural landscapesand the impact of human populations on the environment, through advanced techniques.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Provide students with a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for applying biological sciences to the study and preservation of cultural heritage.
OF 2) Identify main biological agents responsible for the biodeterioration of artworks, and understand mechanisms of action to develop appropriate conservation and prevention strategies.
OF 3) Gain familiarity with biological analysis techniques, from traditional methods to advanced approaches such as metabarcoding and metagenomics, applied to both modern and ancient DNA.
OF 4) Understand advanced methods used to study biodeterioration with a focus on the impact of human activities on cultural heritage.
OF 5) Deepen knowledge of genetic diversity, molecular markers, and bioinformatic tools for the identification of organisms involved in deterioration processes.

…
B - Application skills
OF 7) Apply DNA analysis methods to cultural heritage, with a specific focus on diagnostics and the conservation of artworks.
OF 8) Perform basic laboratory techniques, such as DNA extraction, PCR amplification, DNA fingerprinting and sequencing.
OF 9) Develop practical skills in laboratory work, write short scientific reports, and present research findings in the form of seminars.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) Assess the extent of biodeterioration in cultural heritage items, identifying the main biological agents responsible for the damage using molecular approaches.
OF 11) Integrate theoretical and practical knowledge to propose scientifically grounded conservation strategies.
OF 12) Be able to scientifically assess the level of biological deterioration in cultural heritage, considering the type of material and its conservation environment.
OF 13) Develop the ability to design and plan a laboratory dedicated to ancient DNA analysis, taking into account technical, logistical, and biosafety considerations.
D - Communication skills
OF 14) Be able to effectively communicate the results of biological analyses applied to cultural heritage, using terminology appropriate to scientific and multidisciplinary contexts.
OF 15) Develop oral and written presentation skills in English, to convey findings to diverse audiences, such as specialists, conservators, and non-academic stakeholders.

E - Ability to learn
OF 16) Develop the ability to stay updated in the field of biological methods applied to cultural heritage, including through the use of international scientific databases such as GenBank and BOLD.
OF 17) Acquire project and critical thinking skills to design and organize research activities, such as the setup of a laboratory for DNA analysis.
OF 18) Strengthen the capacity for interdisciplinary learning for effectively addressing the evolving technologies and challenges in cultural heritage conservation.

Educational objectives

Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to (i) identify theoretical and methodological tools in bioarchaeology, with a particular focus on isotopic investigations; (ii) critically analyse studies on past dietary practices through data obtained from human, animal and plant remains; (iii) acquire advanced skills in analyses for the reconstruction of diet and mobility in archaeological contexts; (iv) understand the value of integrating theoretical approaches and laboratory analyses for a
multidisciplinary reading of bioarchaeological data; (v) apply the knowledge acquired to the protection and outreach of cultural heritage, using bioarchaeological data to enrich museum narratives and promote greater awareness of cultural heritage.

General Objective
The course aims to provide advanced knowledge on bioarchaeological methods and techniques for the analysis of human remains (with reference to animal and plant remains) from ancient contexts. Students will develop critical skills, apply expertise in interdisciplinary contexts and be able to interpret data with a view to heritage protection and outreach. Through a series of theoretical lectures, followed by practical sessions on specific methodologies, the course aims to stimulate autonomy of judgement, ability to work in groups, communication skills and continuous learning.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the theoretical and methodological tools of bioarchaeology
OF 2) To understand the methodologies of investigation for the reconstruction of diet and mobility in ancient contexts
OF 3) To understand the value of integrating theoretical approaches and laboratory analyses
OF 4) To apply the acquired knowledge for the conservation and valorisation of cultural heritage
OF 5) To know the field of application of bioarchaeological analyses in cultural heritage
B - Application skills
OF 6) To be able to deduce which methodologies of bioarchaeological investigations are best suited to the specific cultural context
OF 7) To be able to solve problems arising from application limitations in cultural heritage investigations
OF 8) To be able to analyse and develop bioarchaeological data
OF 9) To be able to apply acquired knowledge for the conservation of cultural heritage
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to assess the risk/benefit ratio in applying innovative investigation techniques in cultural heritage

OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to preserve and protect bioarchaeological remains
OF 12) Critically evaluate the bioarchaeological literature
D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate the results obtained during the practicals in a clear and objective manner
OF 14) Being able to convey information from group and individual practicals, critically presenting the result of what has been learnt
E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult reference literature in the bioarchaeological field
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate benefits, limitations and risks in the application of bioarchaeological investigations
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a bioarchaeological project with scientific and outreach goals

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the physical principles underlying the main geophysical methods (geo-electrical, electromagnetic, ground-penetrating radar, seismic, gravimetric, and magnetometric) applicable to cultural heritage studies
OF 2) To understand the basic concepts of computational techniques used for the processing and visualization of geophysical data
OF 3) To understand the geological characteristics of archaeological and cultural sites and the role of geophysical techniques in monitoring natural processes affecting conservation and integrity.
B - Application skills
OF 4) To be able to deduce the most appropriate geophysical technique for different types of archaeological sites and cultural heritage assets
OF 5) To be able to solve problems related to the planning and execution of non-invasive geophysical surveys
OF 6) To be able to collaborate in the application of geophysical techniques and methods for field data acquisition, and to contribute to their processing and interpretation using basic computational tools, while complying with cultural heritage protection regulations
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 7) To be able to interpret the results of geophysical investigations, taking into account the historical, archaeological, and geological context of the site
OF 8) To integrate the knowledge acquired in order to assess the effectiveness of investigations and propose optimal solutions for the conservation and monitoring of cultural heritage
D - Communication skills
OF 9) To be able to communicate the results of geophysical investigations clearly and effectively to both scientific and non-scientific audiences
OF 10) To be able to present data and conclusions effectively, using visual aids and data visualization techniques
OF 11) To be able to collaborate and communicate effectively with professionals from other disciplines (geologists, archaeologists, conservators) within projects aimed at the conservation and enhancement of cultural heritage."
E - Ability to learn
OF 12) To have the ability to consult and utilize scientific and technical resources related to the application of geophysics to cultural heritage
OF 13) To have the ability to continuously update one’s knowledge on emerging technologies and new methodologies in geophysical surveying

Educational objectives

Properties of electromagnetic waves and light sources (from light bulbs to lasers) Geometric optics and realization of an optical system for multispectral imaging. Types of detectors and their properties. Fundamentals of the structure of matter with particular attention to optical response. Description of common spectroscopy techniques and possible realization of a specific spectroscopy system.

The objective of this course is to learn optical techniques for the diagnostics of cultural heritage: from multispectral imaging to spectroscopy with the related data analysis and validation, without neglecting the important aspect related to the "design" of the measurement system.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know: the fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves and the characteristics of different light sources, including lasers.
OF 2) To understand: the principles of geometric optics and the functioning of an optical system for multispectral image acquisition.
OF 3) To know: the different types of detectors used in optics and their specific properties.
OF 4) To understand: the basics of the structure of matter, with a focus on its interaction with light and optical response.
OF 5) To know: the main spectroscopy techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 6) To know: the fundamentals data analysis
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce: qualitative and quantitative information on the composition and state of conservation of an artifact through the analysis of multispectral images and spectroscopic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems: related to the design of simple optical systems for imaging and spectroscopy.
OF 9) To be able to apply methods/techniques: for the acquisition and processing of multispectral images for material identification and degradation mapping.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate: critically the reliability and significance of data obtained with optical and radiometric techniques.
OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to: select the most appropriate physical methodologies to answer specific diagnostic questions in the field of cultural heritage.
OF 12) To be able to: interpret the results of advanced physical analyses in the context of the history, materials, and artistic techniques of a cultural asset.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate: clearly and precisely the physical principles behind the diagnostic techniques used and the results obtained, even to non-expert audiences.
OF 14) To know how to present: diagnostic investigation projects that integrate different physical methodologies, justifying the technical choices and expected outcomes.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult: specialized scientific literature to deepen specific aspects of analytical techniques and to stay updated on new methodologies.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate: critically the effectiveness and limitations of new physical techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a project: of research or practical application that uses advanced physical methods for the analysis and conservation of cultural heritage.

Educational objectives

1) Improvement of the skills in critical reading of scientific articles
Acquisition of the ability to conceive, present and develop a scientific research
The objective will be achieved through the presentation and discussion of a thesis proposal.

A - Knowledge and understanding
Ability to understand the essential contents of a scientific article

B - Application skills
Ability to critically read a scientific article
Ability to design scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
Being able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific article
Being able to conceive and implement a thesis proposal

D - Communication skills
Knowing how to present and discuss a thesis proposal

E - Ability to learn
Having the ability to consult scientific literature in order to continuously update

2) A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the basic elements of a scientific paper

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to critically read a scientific paper
OF 8) To be able to develop a scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific paper
OF 11) To be able to structure and propose a project thesis

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate and discuss a thesis
OF 14) …

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult scientific literature to keep knowledge updated

Educational objectives

1) Improvement of the skills in critical reading of scientific articles
Acquisition of the ability to conceive, present and develop a scientific research
The objective will be achieved through the presentation and discussion of a thesis proposal.

A - Knowledge and understanding
Ability to understand the essential contents of a scientific article

B - Application skills
Ability to critically read a scientific article
Ability to design scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
Being able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific article
Being able to conceive and implement a thesis proposal

D - Communication skills
Knowing how to present and discuss a thesis proposal

E - Ability to learn
Having the ability to consult scientific literature in order to continuously update

2) A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the basic elements of a scientific paper

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to critically read a scientific paper
OF 8) To be able to develop a scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific paper
OF 11) To be able to structure and propose a project thesis

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate and discuss a thesis
OF 14) …

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult scientific literature to keep knowledge updated

Educational objectives

1) Improvement of the skills in critical reading of scientific articles
Acquisition of the ability to conceive, present and develop a scientific research
The objective will be achieved through the presentation and discussion of a thesis proposal.

A - Knowledge and understanding
Ability to understand the essential contents of a scientific article

B - Application skills
Ability to critically read a scientific article
Ability to design scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
Being able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific article
Being able to conceive and implement a thesis proposal

D - Communication skills
Knowing how to present and discuss a thesis proposal

E - Ability to learn
Having the ability to consult scientific literature in order to continuously update

2) A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To understand the basic elements of a scientific paper

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to critically read a scientific paper
OF 8) To be able to develop a scientific research

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate the relevance of a scientific paper
OF 11) To be able to structure and propose a project thesis

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate and discuss a thesis
OF 14) …

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult scientific literature to keep knowledge updated

Educational objectives

1) ARCHAEOMETRY
The course aims to ensure that students have a knowledge of methods and applications of archaeometry, with special attention to a) chemical and physical analyses of artifacts, concerning provenance, technology types of use and authenticity and b) environmental approaches providing information on past changes in landscape, climate, flora, and fauna.

2) LABORATORY OF ARCHAEOMETRY
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the theoretical foundations of archaeometry and bioarchaeology.
OF 2) To understand main analytical techniques in chemistry, physics, and biology.
OF 3) To recognize issues related to provenance, authenticity, and use of artifacts.
OF 4) To know methods for the analysis of human remains, isotopes, DNA, and nutrition.
OF 5) To understand how to integrate archaeological, chemical, and biological data.
OF 6) To become familiar with interdisciplinary case studies in archaeology.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce data on diet, mobility, and health from human remains.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretive issues using integrated scientific approaches.
OF 9) To be able to apply analytical protocols to different types of materials.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to assess the validity of different scientific methods.
OF 11) To be able to integrate sources and data to build complex interpretations.
OF 12) To formulate independent hypotheses based on interdisciplinary evidence.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeometric and bioarchaeological results in academic contexts.
OF 14) To effectively present interdisciplinary case studies to a specialized audience.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult multidisciplinary scientific literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to critically evaluate analytical methods and interpretations.
OF 17) Being able to conceive, develop, and present an integrated research project.

Educational objectives

1) ARCHAEOMETRY
The course aims to ensure that students have a knowledge of methods and applications of archaeometry, with special attention to a) chemical and physical analyses of artifacts, concerning provenance, technology types of use and authenticity and b) environmental approaches providing information on past changes in landscape, climate, flora, and fauna.

2) LABORATORY OF ARCHAEOMETRY
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the theoretical foundations of archaeometry and bioarchaeology.
OF 2) To understand main analytical techniques in chemistry, physics, and biology.
OF 3) To recognize issues related to provenance, authenticity, and use of artifacts.
OF 4) To know methods for the analysis of human remains, isotopes, DNA, and nutrition.
OF 5) To understand how to integrate archaeological, chemical, and biological data.
OF 6) To become familiar with interdisciplinary case studies in archaeology.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce data on diet, mobility, and health from human remains.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretive issues using integrated scientific approaches.
OF 9) To be able to apply analytical protocols to different types of materials.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to assess the validity of different scientific methods.
OF 11) To be able to integrate sources and data to build complex interpretations.
OF 12) To formulate independent hypotheses based on interdisciplinary evidence.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeometric and bioarchaeological results in academic contexts.
OF 14) To effectively present interdisciplinary case studies to a specialized audience.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult multidisciplinary scientific literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to critically evaluate analytical methods and interpretations.
OF 17) Being able to conceive, develop, and present an integrated research project.

Educational objectives

1) ARCHAEOMETRY
The course aims to ensure that students have a knowledge of methods and applications of archaeometry, with special attention to a) chemical and physical analyses of artifacts, concerning provenance, technology types of use and authenticity and b) environmental approaches providing information on past changes in landscape, climate, flora, and fauna.

2) LABORATORY OF ARCHAEOMETRY
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the theoretical foundations of archaeometry and bioarchaeology.
OF 2) To understand main analytical techniques in chemistry, physics, and biology.
OF 3) To recognize issues related to provenance, authenticity, and use of artifacts.
OF 4) To know methods for the analysis of human remains, isotopes, DNA, and nutrition.
OF 5) To understand how to integrate archaeological, chemical, and biological data.
OF 6) To become familiar with interdisciplinary case studies in archaeology.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce data on diet, mobility, and health from human remains.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretive issues using integrated scientific approaches.
OF 9) To be able to apply analytical protocols to different types of materials.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to assess the validity of different scientific methods.
OF 11) To be able to integrate sources and data to build complex interpretations.
OF 12) To formulate independent hypotheses based on interdisciplinary evidence.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate archaeometric and bioarchaeological results in academic contexts.
OF 14) To effectively present interdisciplinary case studies to a specialized audience.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult multidisciplinary scientific literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to critically evaluate analytical methods and interpretations.
OF 17) Being able to conceive, develop, and present an integrated research project.

Educational objectives

1) FUNDAMENTALS
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and theoretical foundations of experimental archaeology.
OF 2) To understand the relevance of reference collections in archaeological research.
OF 3) To know methodologies for identifying technological traces.
OF 4) To understand the relationship between experimentation and archaeological interpretation.
OF 5) To recognize the potential and limits of experimental protocols.
OF 6) To become familiar with case studies applied to archaeometric analysis.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce technological processes through experimental replicas.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretative problems using experimental methods.
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental protocols in archaeological contexts.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess experimental data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpretive hypotheses.
OF 12) To reflect on the reliability of replicas as analytical tools.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate the outcomes of an experimental project.
OF 14) To effectively present processes and technical observations.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult methodological and specialist literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the applicability of an experimental protocol.
OF 17) Being able to design, conduct, and document an experimental archaeology project.

2) MODULO ADVANCED MODULE
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and development of experimental archaeology
OF 2) To understand the goals and limits of experimental methods in archaeology
OF 3) To identify main types of use-wear traces and residues
OF 4) To understand the concept and application of reference collections
OF 5) To know the protocols for controlled replication of actions and artifacts
OF 6) To recognize how experimentation supports archaeological interpretation
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the function of an object through use-traces
OF 8) To be able to solve problems related to documentation and replication
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental techniques to create reference collections
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate experimental protocols critically
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpreting archaeological contexts
OF 12) To be able to reflect critically on experimental archaeology's role

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate experimental results
OF 14) To be able to use the technical terminology of the discipline

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult and compare specialist literature
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the reliability of experimental data
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a coherent experimental project

Educational objectives

1) FUNDAMENTALS
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and theoretical foundations of experimental archaeology.
OF 2) To understand the relevance of reference collections in archaeological research.
OF 3) To know methodologies for identifying technological traces.
OF 4) To understand the relationship between experimentation and archaeological interpretation.
OF 5) To recognize the potential and limits of experimental protocols.
OF 6) To become familiar with case studies applied to archaeometric analysis.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce technological processes through experimental replicas.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretative problems using experimental methods.
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental protocols in archaeological contexts.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess experimental data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpretive hypotheses.
OF 12) To reflect on the reliability of replicas as analytical tools.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate the outcomes of an experimental project.
OF 14) To effectively present processes and technical observations.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult methodological and specialist literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the applicability of an experimental protocol.
OF 17) Being able to design, conduct, and document an experimental archaeology project.

2) MODULO ADVANCED MODULE
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and development of experimental archaeology
OF 2) To understand the goals and limits of experimental methods in archaeology
OF 3) To identify main types of use-wear traces and residues
OF 4) To understand the concept and application of reference collections
OF 5) To know the protocols for controlled replication of actions and artifacts
OF 6) To recognize how experimentation supports archaeological interpretation
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the function of an object through use-traces
OF 8) To be able to solve problems related to documentation and replication
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental techniques to create reference collections
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate experimental protocols critically
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpreting archaeological contexts
OF 12) To be able to reflect critically on experimental archaeology's role

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate experimental results
OF 14) To be able to use the technical terminology of the discipline

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult and compare specialist literature
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the reliability of experimental data
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a coherent experimental project

Educational objectives

1) FUNDAMENTALS
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and theoretical foundations of experimental archaeology.
OF 2) To understand the relevance of reference collections in archaeological research.
OF 3) To know methodologies for identifying technological traces.
OF 4) To understand the relationship between experimentation and archaeological interpretation.
OF 5) To recognize the potential and limits of experimental protocols.
OF 6) To become familiar with case studies applied to archaeometric analysis.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce technological processes through experimental replicas.
OF 8) To be able to solve interpretative problems using experimental methods.
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental protocols in archaeological contexts.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically assess experimental data.
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpretive hypotheses.
OF 12) To reflect on the reliability of replicas as analytical tools.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate the outcomes of an experimental project.
OF 14) To effectively present processes and technical observations.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult methodological and specialist literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the applicability of an experimental protocol.
OF 17) Being able to design, conduct, and document an experimental archaeology project.

2) MODULO ADVANCED MODULE
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the history and development of experimental archaeology
OF 2) To understand the goals and limits of experimental methods in archaeology
OF 3) To identify main types of use-wear traces and residues
OF 4) To understand the concept and application of reference collections
OF 5) To know the protocols for controlled replication of actions and artifacts
OF 6) To recognize how experimentation supports archaeological interpretation
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the function of an object through use-traces
OF 8) To be able to solve problems related to documentation and replication
OF 9) To be able to apply experimental techniques to create reference collections
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate experimental protocols critically
OF 11) To be able to integrate knowledge for interpreting archaeological contexts
OF 12) To be able to reflect critically on experimental archaeology's role

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate experimental results
OF 14) To be able to use the technical terminology of the discipline

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult and compare specialist literature
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate the reliability of experimental data
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a coherent experimental project

Educational objectives

The course is part of the activities of the English curriculum of the master's degree course in Science and Technology for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. The general objective of the course, which includes both theoretical lectures and practical laboratory sessions, is to provide students with basic knowledge of molecular biology for the study of biodeteriorating organisms, aimed at understanding the most peculiar biodeterioration processes that affect both modern and ancient materials, and preserve and conserve them. The course provides a biomolecular approach, through the explication of concepts and principles regarding the nucleic acid sequencing techniques and the study of the metabolic activity of biodeteriorating organisms. A further objective is to understand and sustainably manage today's cultural heritage and innovative materials.
The educational objectives of the course are: 1) to describe the main causes of biodeterioration in the context of cultural heritage; 2) explain the main metabolic pathways activated during the biodeterioration process; 3) describe the molecular approach associated with sequencing for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the biodeterioration process; 4) develop an experimental approach aimed at acquiring practical skills to study biodeterioration processes; 5) describe the main mechanisms of action of the main biocides used to control biodeterioration.

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the causes that lead to the onset of a biodeterioration process.
OF 2) To understand how to modulate the environmental factors that influence the onset of the biodeterioration process.
OF 3) To understand which interventions can be implemented to control biodeteriogens based on their metabolic characteristics and the environment in which they are found.

B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce the causes that lead to the onset of a biodeterioration process.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems by modulating the environmental factors that influence the onset of the biodeterioration process
OF 9) To be able to apply techniques/methods to manage the biodeterioration process.

C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically evaluate and discuss the results of experimental analyses aimed at identifying and characterizing biodeterioration processes considering the different engraftment matrices.
OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to develop the best intervention strategy both from a methodological point of view and from an environmental impact point of view.
OF 12) To be able to analyze and integrate chemical-physical-biological-environmental parameters to define the best strategy for the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To be able to adequately communicate the knowledge acquired using scientific language to accurately and rigorously describe the study of biodeteriogens.
OF 14) To be able to interact with the teacher and with the specialized personnel who deal with the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult the proposed material but also to develop critical research to understand the salient aspects of the biodegradation of cultural heritage.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate cause-effect relationships and interventions.
OF 17) Have the ability to design and develop a cultural heritage conservation project.

Educational objectives

A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know the main types of stone tools and their production techniques.
OF 2) To understand the evolution of lithic technology in relation to human behavior.
OF 3) To deepen knowledge of morphological and functional analysis methods.
OF 4) To understand patterns of raw material transfer and trade.
OF 5) To know science-based provenancing techniques for raw materials.
OF 6) To acquire insights into technological innovations in experimental archaeology.
…
B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce functional information from stone tools.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems related to classification and analysis of artifacts.
OF 9) To be able to apply scientific and experimental methods to lithic studies.
…
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to critically evaluate technological and interpretive hypotheses.
OF 11) To be able to integrate acquired knowledge to reconstruct functional biographies.
OF 12) To independently elaborate reflections on technological evolution.

D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to effectively communicate results of technological analyses.
OF 14) To be able to argue methodological choices and interpretations using technical language.

E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to critically consult specialist literature.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate theoretical and practical approaches.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop an independent lithic analysis project.