Educational objectives 1) The course provides students with knowledge of archaeometallurgical techniques, smelting principles, phase diagrams of metal alloys, and thermal analyses (TGA, DSC). It covers crystalline structure analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the interpretation of XRD patterns. Students will develop skills to evaluate phase compositions, differentiate between glass and crystals, and solve problems related to TGA, DSC, and XRD. They will also gain autonomy in applying these techniques, communicate in English, and improve their learning and reflection abilities.
The course enhances students’ understanding of materials science within the context of cultural heritage conservation, with a particular focus on metals, alloys, and ceramics. It equips students with the skills to develop protocols for the characterization of inorganic materials using phase diagrams, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Students will study atomic arrangements in inorganic materials, influenced by metal types, alloy compositions, and metallurgical processes. Thermal analysis techniques will be presented as essential tools for assessing the behavior and stability of materials under heat treatment. XRD will be introduced as a key method for investigating crystalline structure. By integrating these analytical techniques with theoretical knowledge, students will be able to design effective and targeted characterization protocols.
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) archaeometallurgical techniques and the principle of smelting
OF 2) phase diagrams of various metal alloys
OF 3) thermal analyses of materials: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
OF 4) crystalline structures with different atomic packing arrangements
OF 5) X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques
OF 6) interpretation of XRD patterns and determination of crystalline structures
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B - Application skills
OF 7) evaluate phase types, phase numbers, their composition ratios, and the composition within a single phase using phase diagram
OF 8) explain the differences between glass and crystals
OF 9) solve problems of TGA, DSC, and XRD analyses
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C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) comprehend patterns obtained from TGA, DSC, and XRD analyses
OF 11) define phase structures using these techniques in combination with a phase diagram
OF 12) construct evaluation procedures for inorganic materials
D - Communication skills
OF 13) working command of English
OF 14) draw simple charts and write sentences
E - Ability to learn
OF 15) evaluating and analyzing your own understanding
OF 16) asking questions if something unclear
OF 17) developing own study program independently
OF 18) having basic computer skills
2) Students understand atomic structure, chemical bonding, material classes, and spectroscopic techniques (IR, Raman, UV, NMR). They can relate material properties to chemical bonding, assess polymers, and solve spectroscopy problems. They interpret spectra and evaluate materials independently. They communicate in English, create basic charts, reflect on their understanding, ask questions, plan their learning, and use essential computer skills.
The course trains students by integrating materials science with cultural heritage conservation. Its goal is to develop the ability to construct protocols for the conservation and characterization of materials using spectroscopic techniques such as IR, Raman, UV, and NMR.
It begins with an understanding of materials at the atomic level. By studying the properties of atoms, students must understand the difference among chemical bonds and their differences with physical bonds. They will then apply this knowledge, along with analytical techniques, to develop effective protocols for material characterization.
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) the periodic table and properties of atoms according to the groups
OF 2) chemical and physical bonds, and their role in the formation of materials
OF 3) different classes of materials having different chemical bonds
OF 4) the uniqueness of covalent bonds and variety of polymers
OF 5) principle of spectroscopic techniques and their proper selection (IR, Raman, UV, and NMR)
OF 6) the important parameters for the above analyses and interpretation of results
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B - Application skills
OF 7) explain the properties of materials based on chemical bonds and constituents
OF 8) describe advantages and disadvantages of polymeric materials
OF 9) solve problems of IR, Rama, UV, and NMR spectroscopies
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C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) comprehend spectra of IR, Rama, UV, and NMR
OF 11) define chemical structure using these spectra
OF 12) construct evaluation procedures for organic materials
D - Communication skills
OF 13) working command of English
OF 14) draw simple charts and write sentences
E - Ability to learn
OF 15) evaluating and analyzing your own understanding
OF 16) asking questions if something unclear
OF 17) developing own study program independently
OF 18) having basic computer skills
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Educational objectives The aim of this course is to provide the theoretical principles of organic chemistry and the basic practical skills to relate these principles to the study of organic materials of interest in the artistic and historical-archaeological contexts, in order to be able to develop diagnostic and archaeometric protocols useful for their characterization and identification.
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To Know the classes of organic binders and dyes based on their molecular characteristics and use
B - Application skills
OF 2) To be able to interpret analytical data for organic compounds in a basic way
OF 3) To be able to relate the fundamentals of organic chemistry reactions to the study of organic materials in art
C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 4) To evaluate diagnostic techniques useful for recognizing chemical species based on their molecular characteristics
OF 5) To classify the formation of a paint film through reaction mechanisms and chemical-physical processes
D - Communication skills
OF 6) To be able to explain the phenomenon of color from a chemical-physical point of view
OF 7) To be able to explain the different processes of formation of the pictorial film and the dyeing mechanisms
E - Ability to learn
OF 15) To be able to devise an analytical protocol for organic materials in art
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Educational objectives The aim of the course is increasing the knowledge acquired after the Bechelor Degree concerning the nature, alteration processes and degradation of materials used in the field of cultural heritage (stone, ceramics, glass, plasters), as well as studying the investigation methods usually applied, focusing on recent and innovative applications. This information will allow students to independently develop a research project (which will be set during the laboratory hours and evaluated at the end of the course) to present it and promote it.
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) Knowing the composition of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
OF 2) Knowing the production processes and the degradation phenomena of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
OF 3) Knowing the analytical methods usually used in the characterization of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
OF 4) Knowing some advanced analytical methods used recently in the characterization of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
OF 5) Understanding the problems connected to the mortar dating and the recent projects focused on this topic
OF 6) Understanding the problems connected to the white marble provenance and the recent projects focused on this topic
B - Application skills
OF 7) Being able to deduce the innovative aspects proposed in the scientific articles in the analysis of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
OF 8) Being able to deduce the problems still present and not solved in the analysis of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
C – Autonomy of judgment
OF 9) Being able to deduce a possible method useful to solve the problems still present in the analysis of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone)
OF 10) Being able to create a scientific project focused on the analysis of one of the main geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone).
D - Communication skills
OF 11) Knowing how to write a scientific project
OF 12) Knowing how to communicate the project to people not included in the academic world
E - Ability to learn
OF 13) Having the ability to consult scientific literature on geomaterials applied in the cultural heritage (ceramic, glass, mortar and plaster, stone)
OF 14) Having the ability to consult database on national and international scientific projects
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Educational objectives Properties of electromagnetic waves and light sources (from light bulbs to lasers) Geometric optics and realization of an optical system for multispectral imaging. Types of detectors and their properties. Fundamentals of the structure of matter with particular attention to optical response. Description of common spectroscopy techniques and possible realization of a specific spectroscopy system.
The objective of this course is to learn optical techniques for the diagnostics of cultural heritage: from multispectral imaging to spectroscopy with the related data analysis and validation, without neglecting the important aspect related to the "design" of the measurement system.
A - Knowledge and understanding
OF 1) To know: the fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves and the characteristics of different light sources, including lasers.
OF 2) To understand: the principles of geometric optics and the functioning of an optical system for multispectral image acquisition.
OF 3) To know: the different types of detectors used in optics and their specific properties.
OF 4) To understand: the basics of the structure of matter, with a focus on its interaction with light and optical response.
OF 5) To know: the main spectroscopy techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 6) To know: the fundamentals data analysis
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B - Application skills
OF 7) To be able to deduce: qualitative and quantitative information on the composition and state of conservation of an artifact through the analysis of multispectral images and spectroscopic data.
OF 8) To be able to solve problems: related to the design of simple optical systems for imaging and spectroscopy.
OF 9) To be able to apply methods/techniques: for the acquisition and processing of multispectral images for material identification and degradation mapping.
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C - Autonomy of judgment
OF 10) To be able to evaluate: critically the reliability and significance of data obtained with optical and radiometric techniques.
OF 11) To be able to integrate the knowledge acquired in order to: select the most appropriate physical methodologies to answer specific diagnostic questions in the field of cultural heritage.
OF 12) To be able to: interpret the results of advanced physical analyses in the context of the history, materials, and artistic techniques of a cultural asset.
D - Communication skills
OF 13) To know how to communicate: clearly and precisely the physical principles behind the diagnostic techniques used and the results obtained, even to non-expert audiences.
OF 14) To know how to present: diagnostic investigation projects that integrate different physical methodologies, justifying the technical choices and expected outcomes.
E - Ability to learn
OF 15) Have the ability to consult: specialized scientific literature to deepen specific aspects of analytical techniques and to stay updated on new methodologies.
OF 16) Have the ability to evaluate: critically the effectiveness and limitations of new physical techniques applied to cultural heritage.
OF 17) Being able to conceive and develop a project: of research or practical application that uses advanced physical methods for the analysis and conservation of cultural heritage.
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